Chronic infection
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Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir in Patients with HCV and Severe Renal Impairment Open
Treatment with glecaprevir and pibrentasvir for 12 weeks resulted in a high rate of sustained virologic response in patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease and HCV infection. (Funded by AbbVie; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02651…
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“Asymptomatic” Malaria: A Chronic and Debilitating Infection That Should Be Treated Open
Roland Gosling and colleagues argue that "asymptomatic" malaria infections have significant health and societal consequences, and propose that they should be renamed "chronic" malaria infections.
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CD39 Expression Identifies Terminally Exhausted CD8+ T Cells Open
Exhausted T cells express multiple co-inhibitory molecules that impair their function and limit immunity to chronic viral infection. Defining novel markers of exhaustion is important both for identifying and potentially reversing T cell ex…
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T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B infection: current knowledge and clinical significance Open
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the major cause of inflammatory liver disease, of which the clinical recovery and effective anti-viral therapy is associated with the sustained viral control of effector T cells. In humans, chronic HBV …
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Hepatitis B Virus Epidemiology Open
The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is geographically diverse, with population prevalence, age and mode of acquisition, and likelihood of progression to chronic infection mutually interdependent. The burden of chronic HBV…
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Iron in infection and immunity Open
Iron is an essential micronutrient for virtually all living cells. In infectious diseases, both invading pathogens and mammalian cells including those of the immune system require iron to sustain their function, metabolism and proliferatio…
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T-Cell Exhaustion in Chronic Infections: Reversing the State of Exhaustion and Reinvigorating Optimal Protective Immune Responses Open
T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections as well as cancer. Exhaust…
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The Role of PD-1 in Acute and Chronic Infection Open
PD-1 as an immune checkpoint molecule down-regulates T cell activity during immune responses in order to prevent autoimmune tissue damage. In chronic infections or tumors, lasting antigen-exposure leads to permanent PD-1 expression that ca…
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Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults Open
The USPSTF recommends screening for HBV infection in adolescents and adults at increased risk for infection. (B recommendation).
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Helicobacter pylori Biofilm Formation and Its Potential Role in Pathogenesis Open
SUMMARY Despite decades of effort, Helicobacter pylori infections remain difficult to treat. Over half of the world's population is infected by H. pylori , which is a major cause of duodenal and gastric ulcers as well as gastric cancer. Du…
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Sigma Factor SigB Is Crucial to Mediate Staphylococcus aureus Adaptation during Chronic Infections Open
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that causes a range of infections from acute invasive to chronic and difficult-to-treat. Infection strategies associated with persisting S. aureus infections are bacterial host cell invasion …
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TIM3 Mediates T Cell Exhaustion during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Open
While T cell immunity initially limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, why T cell immunity fails to sterilize the infection and allows recrudescence is not clear. One hypothesis is that T cell exhaustion impairs immunity and is detri…
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Targeting type I interferon–mediated activation restores immune function in chronic HIV infection Open
Chronic immune activation, immunosuppression, and T cell exhaustion are hallmarks of HIV infection, yet the mechanisms driving these processes are unclear. Chronic activation can be a driving force in immune exhaustion, and type I interfer…
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Type-I Interferon Responses: From Friend to Foe in the Battle against Chronic Viral Infection Open
Type I interferons (IFN-I) have long been heralded as key contributors to effective antiviral responses. More widely understood in the context of acute viral infection, the role of this pleiotropic cytokine has been characterized as trigge…
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High antigen levels induce an exhausted phenotype in a chronic infection without impairing T cell expansion and survival Open
Chronic infections induce T cells showing impaired cytokine secretion and up-regulated expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1. What determines the acquisition of this chronic phenotype and how it impacts T cell function remain vag…
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Respiratory syncytial virus infection enhances <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> biofilm growth through dysregulation of nutritional immunity Open
Significance Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the major respiratory pathogen that promotes disease progression in chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and resides in antibiotic-resistant biofilm communities in the lungs of patients.…
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New Insights in the Pathogenesis of HPV Infection and the Associated Carcinogenic Processes: The Role of Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Open
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus with tropism for epithelial cells. To this date, over 150 genotypes are known and are classified into two major groups, low-risk and high-risk strains, depending on the abilit…
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Drivers of adaptive evolution during chronic SARS-CoV-2 infections Open
In some immunocompromised patients with chronic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, considerable adaptive evolution occurs. Some substitutions found in chronic infections are lineage-defining mutations i…
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Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Host–Virus Interaction and Mechanisms of Viral Persistence Open
Hepatitis C (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease, in which a third of individuals with chronic HCV infections may develop liver cirrhosis. In a chronic HCV infection, host immune factors along with the actions of HCV proteins that promo…
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Bacterial Adaptation during Chronic Respiratory Infections Open
Chronic lung infections are associated with increased morbidity and mortality for individuals with underlying respiratory conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The process of chronic colo…
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Choline acetyltransferase–expressing T cells are required to control chronic viral infection Open
ChAT-ty T cells fight viral infection The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in processes such as muscle contraction, neuron communication, and vasodilation. Along with neurons, a population of immunological T cells and B cel…
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Chronic pulmonary disease with<i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i>complex is a biofilm infection Open
Direct evidence of Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) biofilm in the human lung has not previously been demonstrated. Biofilms are microcolonies of bacteria, imbedded in extracellular matrix, providing stability and tolerance to antib…
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Role of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV infection and potential therapeutic options Open
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, during chronic HIV infection, virus-specific CD8+ T cells undergo functional exhaustion, lo…
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Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection Open
The progressive loss of immunological memory during aging correlates with a reduced proliferative capacity and shortened telomeres of T cells. Growing evidence suggests that this phenotype is recapitulated during chronic viral infection. T…
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Bacteriophages as Adjuvant to Antibiotics for the Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Open
We documented the adjunctive bacteriophage therapy to treat a chronic relapsing periprosthetic joint infection of the knee and chronic osteomyelitis of the femur caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The combined antibioti…
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Immune Responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Infections Open
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a key pathogen of chronic infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and in patients suffering from chronic wounds of diverse etiology. In these infections the bacteria congregate in biofilms and cannot b…
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Impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection on Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Airway Diseases Open
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a ubiquitous and opportunistic microorganism and is considered one of the most significant pathogens that produce chronic colonization and infection of the lower respiratory tract, especially in pe…
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The molecular biology and immune control of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection Open
Toxoplasma gondii is an incredibly successful parasite owing in part to its ability to persist within cells for the life of the host. Remarkably, at least 350 host species of T. gondii have been described to date, and it is estimated that …
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Long-Term Relationships: the Complicated Interplay between the Host and the Developmental Stages of Toxoplasma gondii during Acute and Chronic Infections Open
SUMMARY Toxoplasma gondii represents one of the most common parasitic infections in the world. The asexual cycle can occur within any warm-blooded animal, but the sexual cycle is restricted to the feline intestinal epithelium. T. gondii is…
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Toxoplasmosis in HIV infection: An overview Open
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite presenting as a zoonotic infection distributed worldwide. In HIV-positive individuals, it causes severe opportunistic infections, which is of major public health concern as …