Levels-of-processing effect
View article
How vocabulary is learned Open
Vocabulary learning requires two basic conditions – repetition (quantity of meetings with words) and good quality mental processing of the meetings. Other factors also affect vocabulary learning. For example, learners may differ greatly in…
View article
Remembering: An Activity of Mind and Brain Open
I present the case for viewing human memory as a set of dynamic processes rather than as structural entities or memory stores. This perspective stems largely from the construct of levels of processing, reflecting work I published with Robe…
View article
Comorbidity of Auditory Processing, Attention, and Memory in Children With Word Reading Difficulties Open
Objectives To document the auditory processing, visual attention, digit memory, phonological processing, and receptive language abilities of individual children with identified word reading difficulties. Design Twenty-four children with wo…
View article
Evidence of Serial Processing in Visual Word Recognition Open
To test the limits of parallel processing in vision, we investigated whether people can recognize two words at once. Participants viewed brief, masked pairs of words and were instructed in advance to judge both of the words (dual-task cond…
View article
Levels of Processing Open
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the impact of levels of processing (Independent Variable) on our memory (Dependent Variable). We hypothesized to find that a deeper level of processing lead to a better memory and in turn, grea…
View article
Sorting through the impact of familiarity when processing vocal identity: Results from a voice sorting task Open
The present article reports on one experiment designed to examine the importance of familiarity when processing vocal identity. A voice sorting task was used with participants who were either personally familiar or unfamiliar with three sp…
View article
Emotional words can be embodied or disembodied: the role of superficial vs. deep types of processing Open
Emotional words are processed rapidly and automatically in the left hemisphere (LH) and slowly, with the involvement of attention, in the right hemisphere (RH). This review aims to find the reason for this difference and suggests that emot…
View article
A Taxonomy Proposal for Types of Interactions of Language and Place-Value Processing in Multi-Digit Numbers Open
Research on associations between language and number processing has seen growing interest in the last years - in particular with respect to place-value processing in multi-digit numbers. Recently, Dowker and Nuerk (2016) proposed a taxonom…
View article
Decoding and encoding models reveal the role of mental simulation in the brain representation of meaning Open
How the brain representation of conceptual knowledge varies as a function of processing goals, strategies and task-factors remains a key unresolved question in cognitive neuroscience. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging st…
View article
Comparison of the level of cognitive processing between case-based items and non-case-based items on the Interuniversity Progress Test of Medicine in the Netherlands Open
Purpose: It is assumed that case-based questions require higher-order cognitive processing, whereas questions that are not case-based require lower-order cognitive processing. In this study, we investigated to what extent case-based and no…
View article
Modelling Changes in the Cognitive Processing of Grammar in Implicit and Explicit Learning Conditions: Insights From an Eye‐Tracking Study Open
This study used eye‐tracking to examine changes in how second language (L2) learners process target grammatical exemplars in written L2 input in implicit and explicit instructional conditions and how these changes relate to learning gains.…
View article
Sensory suppression and increased neuromodulation during actions disrupt memory encoding of unpredictable self‐initiated stimuli Open
Actions modulate sensory processing by attenuating responses to self‐ compared to externally generated inputs, which is traditionally attributed to stimulus‐specific motor predictions. Yet, suppression has been also found for stimuli merel…
View article
STOP SHOUTING AT ME: The Influence of Case and Self-Referencing on Explicit and Implicit Memory Open
Evidence suggests that physical changes in word appearance, such as those written in all capital letters, and the use of effective encoding strategies, such as self-referential processing, improves memory. In this study we examined the ext…
View article
Reading Minds, Reading Stories: Social-Cognitive Abilities Affect the Linguistic Processing of Narrative Viewpoint Open
Although various studies have shown that narrative reading draws on social-cognitive abilities, not much is known about the precise aspects of narrative processing that engage these abilities. We hypothesized that the linguistic processing…
View article
Self-Referential Information Alleviates Retrieval Inhibition of Directed Forgetting Effects—An ERP Evidence of Source Memory Open
Directed forgetting (DF) assists in preventing outdated information from interfering with cognitive processing. Previous studies pointed that self-referential items alleviated DF effects due to the elaboration of encoding processes. Howeve…
View article
Identifying age-invariant and age-limited mechanisms for enhanced memory performance: Insights from self-referential processing in younger and older adults. Open
Self-referential processing has been identified as a possible tool for supporting effective encoding processes in the elderly population. However, the importance of self-reference per se, relative to the increase in meaningful elaboration …
View article
Impact of processing demands at encoding, maintenance and retrieval in visual working memory Open
There has been surprisingly little examination of how recall performance is affected by processing demands induced by retrieval cues, how manipulations at encoding interact with processing demands during maintenance or due to the retrieval…
View article
Interactions Between Lower- and Higher-Level Processing When Reading in a Second Language: An Eye-Tracking Study Open
This experiment investigated interactions between lower- and higher-level processing when reading in a second language (L2). We conducted an eye-tracking experiment with the within-subject manipulation inconsistency (to tap higher-level co…
View article
Attention differentially affects acoustic and phonetic feature encoding in a multispeaker environment Open
Humans have the remarkable ability to selectively focus on a single talker in the midst of other competing talkers. The neural mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon remain incompletely understood. In particular, there has been longstand…
View article
The effects of test trial and processing level on immediate and delayed retention Open
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of test trial and processing level on immediate and delayed retention. A 2 × 2 × 2 mixed ANOVAs was used with two between-subject factors of test trial (single test, repeated …
View article
Do not (Just) Think, But (Also) Feel!: Empirical Corroboration of Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis on Foreign Language Lexical Retention Open
Emotion plays important roles in learning, memory, and other cognitive processes; it does so not only in the form of macro-level emotion (e.g., salient affective states and self-reportable motivational currents) but also in the form of mic…
View article
Does the Survival Processing Memory Advantage Translate to Serial Recall? Open
The survival processing effect describes the phenomenon that memory for items is better after they have been processed in the context of a fitness-related survival scenario as compared to alternative processing contexts. In the present stu…
View article
Are two words recalled or recognised as one? How age-of-acquisition affects memory for compound words Open
The age at which a person acquires knowledge of an item is a strong predictor of item retrieval, hereon defined as the Age of Acquisition (AoA) effect. This effect is such that early-acquired words are processed more quickly and accurately…
View article
Influence of survival processing and delay on recollection and familiarity in recognition Open
The survival processing effect is a robust memory phenomenon of memory whereby encouraging participants to judge words for relevance to a survival situation produces better recall than other processing tasks such as semantic or self-refere…
View article
Recall, Recognition and Priming Characteristics of Middle School Students with Depressive Symptoms Open
A Tversky’s experiment paradigm was used to explore the social cognitive processing of middle school students with depressive symptoms. The results showed 1) there was no significant difference in the recall of social information processin…
View article
Age and processing effects on perceptual and conceptual priming Open
Explicit (declarative) memory declines with age, but age effects on implicit (nondeclarative) memory are debated. Some studies have reported null changes in implicit memory (e.g., priming in word-fragment completion, perceptual identificat…
View article
Statistical relationships between surface form and sensory meanings of English words influence lexical processing. Open
Across spoken languages, there are some words whose acoustic features resemble the meanings of their referents by evoking perceptual imagery, i.e., they are iconic (e.g., in English, "splash" imitates the sound of an object hitting water).…
View article
The Effectiveness of Implicit and Explicit Cognitive Processing in Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition Open
This article tends to investigate the lexical processing strategies adopted by 12 elementary levelparticipants while doing reading-for-comprehension activities together with the effectiveness of thesestrategies on the retention of new voca…
View article
The antimuscarinic agent biperiden selectively impairs recognition of abstract figures without affecting the processing of non‐words Open
Objectives The present study investigated the effects of biperiden, a muscarinic type 1 antagonist, on the recognition performance of pre‐experimentally unfamiliar abstract figures and non‐words in healthy young volunteers. The aim was to …
View article
Information Processing and Memory in Learning Open
The success of learning is strongly influenced by information processing mechanisms and working memory. The characteristics of the initial information will affect the sensory response which is continued by storage in sensory memory. Variou…