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View article: Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations
Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations Open
Racial bias in health algorithms The U.S. health care system uses commercial algorithms to guide health decisions. Obermeyer et al. find evidence of racial bias in one widely used algorithm, such that Black patients assigned the same level…
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“Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives” Open
"Options, Futures, and other Derivatives" an often suggested and recommended book by Professor John C. Hull, has over the years emerged the most preferred textbooks, especially in business management community and fraternity. Derivatives M…
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Factors Associated with Membership in a Mutual Health Insurance Fund in the Thiès Region (Senegal) in 2023: Article Open
Introduction : Mutual health insurance constitutes a micro-insurance system which facilitates access to care by avoiding direct payment. They represent one of the pillars of our Universal Health Coverage. After years of existence and des…
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Estimated Research and Development Investment Needed to Bring a New Medicine to Market, 2009-2018 Open
Importance The mean cost of developing a new drug has been the subject of debate, with recent estimates ranging from $314 million to $2.8 billion. Objective To estimate the research and development investment required to bring a new therap…
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Valuing health-related quality of life: An EQ-5D-5L value set for England Open
A new version of the EQ-5D, the EQ-5D-5L, is available. The aim of this study is to produce a value set to support use of EQ-5D-5L data in decision-making. The study design followed an international research protocol. Randomly selected mem…
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GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 1: Introduction Open
#### Summary points Healthcare decision making is complex. Decision-making processes and the factors (criteria) that decision makers should consider vary for different types of decisions, including clinical recommendations, coverage decisi…
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Ensuring Fairness in Machine Learning to Advance Health Equity Open
Machine learning is used increasingly in clinical care to improve diagnosis, treatment selection, and health system efficiency. Because machine-learning models learn from historically collected data, populations that have experienced human…
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Net benefit approaches to the evaluation of prediction models, molecular markers, and diagnostic tests Open
Many decisions in medicine involve trade-offs, such as between diagnosing patients with disease versus unnecessary additional testing for those who are healthy. Net benefit is an increasingly reported decision analytic measure that puts be…
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The accuracy, fairness, and limits of predicting recidivism Open
Should we trust computers to make life-altering decisions in the criminal justice system?
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Counterfactual Fairness Open
Machine learning can impact people with legal or ethical consequences when it is used to automate decisions in areas such as insurance, lending, hiring, and predictive policing. In many of these scenarios, previous decisions have been made…
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United States Health Care Reform Open
Policy makers should build on progress made by the Affordable Care Act by continuing to implement the Health Insurance Marketplaces and delivery system reform, increasing federal financial assistance for Marketplace enrollees, introducing …
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Forecasting the novel coronavirus COVID-19 Open
What will be the global impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19)? Answering this question requires accurate forecasting the spread of confirmed cases as well as analysis of the number of deaths and recoveries. Forecasting, however, requi…
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Rating the certainty in evidence in the absence of a single estimate of effect Open
When studies measure or report outcomes differently, it may not be feasible to pool data across studies to generate a single effect estimate (ie, perform meta-analysis). Instead, only a narrative summary of the effect across different stud…
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Annual Report Readability, Tone Ambiguity, and the Cost of Borrowing Open
This paper investigates the impact of a firm’s annual report readability and ambiguous tone on its borrowing costs. We find that firms with larger 10-K file sizes and a higher proportion of uncertain and weak modal words in 10-Ks have stri…
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Field of Study, Earnings, and Self-Selection* Open
This article examines the labor market payoffs to different types of postsecondary education, including field and institution of study. Instrumental variables (IV) estimation of the payoff to choosing one type of education compared to anot…
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The Economic Consequences of Hospital Admissions Open
We use an event study approach to examine the economic consequences of hospital admissions for adults in two datasets: survey data from the Health and Retirement Study, and hospitalization data linked to credit reports. For non-elderly adu…
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Inside the <span>ESG</span> ratings: (Dis)agreement and performance Open
We analyze the ESG rating criteria used by prominent agencies and show that there is a lack of a commonality in the definition of ESG (i) characteristics, (ii) attributes and (iii) standards in defining E, S and G components. We provide ev…
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The Benefits and Costs of Using Social Distancing to Flatten the Curve for COVID-19 Open
We examine the net benefits of social distancing to slow the spread of COVID-19 in USA. Social distancing saves lives but imposes large costs on society due to reduced economic activity. We use epidemiological and economic forecasting to p…
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Adjusting Health Expenditures for Inflation: A Review of Measures for Health Services Research in the United States Open
Objective To provide guidance on selecting the most appropriate price index for adjusting health expenditures or costs for inflation. Data Sources Major price index series produced by federal statistical agencies. Study Design We compare t…
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What does a Deductible Do? The Impact of Cost-Sharing on Health Care Prices, Quantities, and Spending Dynamics* Open
Measuring consumer responsiveness to medical care prices is a central issue in health economics and a key ingredient in the optimal design and regulation of health insurance markets. We leverage a natural experiment at a large self-insured…
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Impact Evaluation in Practice Open
The book is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to impact evaluation for policy makers and development practitioners. First published in 2011, it has been used widely across the development and academic communities. The book incorp…
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Risk Management and Insurance Open
This article highlights the deepening of integration in the global community, the rapid development of all areas, the substantial and significant increase in the flow of information, and the development of information technologies. Measure…
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On what basis are medical cost-effectiveness thresholds set? Clashing opinions and an absence of data: a systematic review Open
Most national C/E thresholds identified in our review fall within the WHO's recommended range of one-to-three times GDP per capita. However, the quality and quantity of data available regarding national average WTP per QALY, opportunity co…
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Is There a Replication Crisis in Finance? Open
Several papers argue that financial economics faces a replication crisis because the majority of studies cannot be replicated or are the result of multiple testing of too many factors. We develop and estimate a Bayesian model of factor rep…
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Can AI Help Reduce Disparities in General Medical and Mental Health Care? Open
This analysis can provide a framework for assessing and identifying disparate impacts of artificial intelligence in health care.
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Stock price crash risk: review of the empirical literature Open
We survey the burgeoning literature on the determinants and consequences of firm‐specific future stock price crash risk. We synthesise a vast body of literature on the determinants of crash risk, identify weaknesses, and offer future resea…
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Methods for Population-Adjusted Indirect Comparisons in Health Technology Appraisal Open
Standard methods for indirect comparisons and network meta-analysis are based on aggregate data, with the key assumption that there is no difference between the trials in the distribution of effect-modifying variables. Methods which relax …
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Paper- or Web-Based Questionnaire Invitations as a Method for Data Collection: Cross-Sectional Comparative Study of Differences in Response Rate, Completeness of Data, and Financial Cost Open
Although we found lower response rates for Web-based invitations, this solution was more cost-effective (by a factor of 10) and had slightly lower numbers of missing values than questionnaires sent with paper invitations. Analyses of socio…
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Evaluating Public Programs with Close Substitutes: The Case of HeadStart* Open
We use data from the Head Start Impact Study (HSIS) to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Head Start, the largest early childhood education program in the United States. Head Start draws roughly a third of its participants from competing p…
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Overview, Update, and Lessons Learned From the International EQ-5D-5L Valuation Work: Version 2 of the EQ-5D-5L Valuation Protocol Open
A standardized 5-level EuroQol 5-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) valuation protocol was first used in national studies in the period 2012 to 2013. A set of problems encountered in this initial wave of valuation studies led to the subs…