Benzodiazepine ≈ BenzodiazepineBenzodiazepine
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Increasing Benzodiazepine Prescriptions and Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1996–2013 Open
Objectives. To describe trends in benzodiazepine prescriptions and overdose mortality involving benzodiazepines among US adults. Methods. We examined data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and multiple-cause-of-death data from the …
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Association between concurrent use of prescription opioids and benzodiazepines and overdose: retrospective analysis Open
Objectives To identify trends in concurrent use of a benzodiazepine and an opioid and to identify the impact of these trends on admissions to hospital and emergency room visits for opioid overdose.Design Retrospective analysis of claims da…
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Patterns in Outpatient Benzodiazepine Prescribing in the United States Open
The outpatient use of benzodiazepines has increased substantially. In light of increasing rates of overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines, understanding and addressing prescribing patterns may help curb the growing use of benzodiazepine…
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Benzodiazepine Use and Misuse Among Adults in the United States Open
Benzodiazepine use among U.S. adults was higher than previously reported, and misuse accounted for nearly 20% of use overall. Use by adults ages 50-64 now exceeds use by those ages ≥65. Patients also prescribed stimulants or opioids should…
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A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy Open
Remimazolam can be administered safely under the supervision of endoscopists for outpatient colonoscopy, and it allows faster recovery of neuropsychiatric function compared with placebo (midazolam rescue) and midazolam. (Clinical trial reg…
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Remimazolam: Non-Clinical and Clinical Profile of a New Sedative/Anesthetic Agent Open
A program to identify novel intravenous sedatives with a short and predictable duration of action was initiated in the late 1990’s by Glaxo Wellcome. The program focussed on the identification of ester-based benzodiazepine derivatives that…
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Acute and Persistent Withdrawal Syndromes Following Discontinuation of Psychotropic Medications Open
Studies on psychotropic medications decrease, discontinuation, or switch have uncovered withdrawal syndromes. The present overview aimed at analyzing the literature to illustrate withdrawal after decrease, discontinuation, or switch of psy…
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Benzodiazepine use and risk of incident dementia or cognitive decline: prospective population based study Open
The risk of dementia is slightly higher in people with minimal exposure to benzodiazepines but not with the highest level of exposure. These results do not support a causal association between benzodiazepine use and dementia.
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Remimazolam: pharmacological characteristics and clinical applications in anesthesiology Open
A novel ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine (BDZ), remimazolam (CNS 7056), has been designed by ‘soft drug’ development to achieve a better sedative profile than that of the current drugs. Notably, the esterase linkage in remimazolam permits…
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Benzodiazepine Use and Risk of Dementia in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Open
Background: Benzodiazepines are a widely used medication in developed countries, particularly among elderly patients. However, benzodiazepines are known to affect memory and cognition and might thus enhance the risk of dementia. The object…
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Association of Time to Treatment With Short-term Outcomes for Pediatric Patients With Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus Open
Among pediatric patients with RCSE, an untimely first-line benzodiazepine treatment is independently associated with a higher frequency of death, use of continuous infusions, longer convulsion duration, and more frequent hypotension. Resul…
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Pharmacokinetic properties of remimazolam in subjects with hepatic or renal impairment Open
Hepatic impairment trial: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01790607 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01790607). Renal impairment trial: EudraCT Number: 2014-004575-23.
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Alcohol or Benzodiazepine Co-involvement With Opioid Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999-2017 Open
This study found that alcohol and benzodiazepine co-involvement in opioid-involved overdose deaths was common, varied by opioid subtype, and was associated with state-level binge drinking and benzodiazepine prescribing rates. These results…
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Remimazolam for anaesthesia or sedation Open
Purpose of review Anaesthesia and sedation are ubiquitous in contemporary medical practice. Developments in anaesthetic pharmacology are targeted on reducing physiological disturbance whilst maintaining or improving titrateability, recover…
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Benzodiazepine, z-drug and pregabalin prescriptions and mortality among patients in opioid maintenance treatment—A nation-wide register-based open cohort study Open
Caution is advised when prescribing sedative drugs, including benzodiazepines, z-drugs and pregabalin, to patients in opioid maintenance treatment.
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Benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse: A review Open
Benzodiazepine (BZD) abuse has reached epidemic levels and results in poor outcomes, particularly when combined with concomitant central nervous system depressants. BZDs are abused most commonly in combination with opioids and alcohol. Eme…
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Remimazolam: An Updated Review of a New Sedative and Anaesthetic Open
Remimazolam (CNS7056) is a novel benzodiazepine for intravenous sedation; it has an ultra-short duration of action and was recently approved for use in procedural sedation and general anaesthesia. It acts on γ-aminobutyric acid type A rece…
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Midazolam for sedation before procedures Open
We found no high-quality evidence to determine if midazolam, when administered as the sole sedative agent prior to a procedure, produces more or less effective sedation than placebo or other medications. There is low-quality evidence that …
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Cryo-EM structure of the benzodiazepine-sensitive α1β1γ2S tri-heteromeric GABAA receptor in complex with GABA Open
Fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian nervous system is largely mediated by GABAA receptors, chloride-selective members of the superfamily of pentameric Cys-loop receptors. Native GABAA receptors are heteromeric assemblies sen…
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Exposure-Response Association Between Concurrent Opioid and Benzodiazepine Use and Risk of Opioid-Related Overdose in Medicare Part D Beneficiaries Open
During the first 90 days, concurrent benzodiazepine use is associated with a 5-fold increase in the risk of opioid-related overdose. The implementation of policies deterring concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use is warranted. Patients u…
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Remimazolam – current knowledge on a new intravenous benzodiazepine anesthetic agent Open
Intravenous anesthetic agents such as midazolam, propofol, and ketamine are routinely used to provide anesthesia and sedation. They have been shown to effectively induce and maintain amnesia, sedation, and hypnosis in various patient group…
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Risk of neonatal drug withdrawal after intrauterine co-exposure to opioids and psychotropic medications: cohort study Open
Objectives To assess the impact of in utero co-exposure to psychotropic medications and opioids on the incidence and severity of neonatal drug withdrawal.Design Observational cohort study.Setting Nationwide sample of pregnancies in publicl…
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The emergence of new psychoactive substance (NPS) benzodiazepines: A review Open
The market for new psychoactive substances has increased markedly in recent years and there is now a steady stream of compounds appearing every year. Benzodiazepines consist of only a fraction of the total number of these compounds but the…
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Treatment of Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus: A Comprehensive Review by the American Epilepsy Society Treatments Committee Open
Purpose: Established tonic–clonic status epilepticus (SE) does not stop in one-third of patients when treated with an intravenous (IV) benzodiazepine bolus followed by a loading dose of a second antiseizure medication (ASM). These patients…
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Pharmacological interventions for benzodiazepine discontinuation in chronic benzodiazepine users Open
Given the low or very low quality of the evidence for the reported outcomes, and the small number of trials identified with a limited number of participants for each comparison, it is not possible to draw firm conclusions regarding pharmac…
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Prevalence and Correlates of Benzodiazepine Use, Misuse, and Use Disorders Among Adults in the United States Open
While benzodiazepine use is highly prevalent among US adults, benzodiazepine use disorders are relatively rare among benzodiazepine users. Our results help characterize benzodiazepine users and identify adults at risk for misuse and use di…
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Excitatory GABAergic signalling is associated with benzodiazepine resistance in status epilepticus Open
Benzodiazepine-resistant status epilepticus is an ongoing clinical challenge. Burman et al. show that longer seizure duration is a useful clinical indicator of benzodiazepine resistance, and that resistance is caused by changes in GABAA re…
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Trends in the Use of Benzodiazepines, Z-Hypnotics, and Serotonergic Drugs Among US Women and Men Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Open
In this cohort study, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic onset was an increase in Z-hypnotic as well as SSRI and SNRI prescriptions in both men and women along with an increase in benzodiazepine prescriptions in women, findings that sug…
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Challenges of the pharmacological management of benzodiazepine withdrawal, dependence, and discontinuation Open
Background: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are among the most prescribed sedative hypnotics and among the most misused and abused medications by patients, in parallel with opioids. It is estimated that more than 100 million Benzodiazepine (BZD) pr…
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Shisa7 is a GABA <sub>A</sub> receptor auxiliary subunit controlling benzodiazepine actions Open
Fine control of brain GABA A receptors GABA A (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors are ligand-gated anion channels that mediate fast inhibitory transmission in the mammalian brain. Han et al. investigated if a protein called SHISA7 was i…