Cancer research
View article: Heat Shock Protein A12B Protects Vascular Endothelial Cells Against Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice
Heat Shock Protein A12B Protects Vascular Endothelial Cells Against Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice Open
Background: Pulmonary endothelial injury is a critical process in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) during sepsis. Heat shock protein A12B (HSPA12B) is mainly expressed in endothelial cells and protects against several harmful fa…
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Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade Open
The release of negative regulators of immune activation (immune checkpoints) that limit antitumor responses has resulted in unprecedented rates of long-lasting tumor responses in patients with a variety of cancers. This can be achieved by …
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TIMER2.0 for analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells Open
Tumor progression and the efficacy of immunotherapy are strongly influenced by the composition and abundance of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Due to the limitations of direct measurement methods, computational algorithms are …
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Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma Open
Among patients with advanced melanoma, sustained long-term overall survival at 5 years was observed in a greater percentage of patients who received nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone than in those who received ipilimumab alone, …
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Pan-cancer Immunogenomic Analyses Reveal Genotype-Immunophenotype Relationships and Predictors of Response to Checkpoint Blockade Open
The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed the genomic landscapes of human cancers. In parallel, immunotherapy is transforming the treatment of advanced cancers. Unfortunately, the majority of patients do not respond to immunotherapy, making the ide…
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Osimertinib in Untreated <i>EGFR</i> -Mutated Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Open
Osimertinib showed efficacy superior to that of standard EGFR-TKIs in the first-line treatment of EGFR mutation-positive advanced NSCLC, with a similar safety profile and lower rates of serious adverse events. (Funded by AstraZeneca; FLAUR…
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Dissecting the multicellular ecosystem of metastatic melanoma by single-cell RNA-seq Open
Single-cell expression profiles of melanoma Tumors harbor multiple cell types that are thought to play a role in the development of resistance to drug treatments. Tirosh et al. used single-cell sequencing to investigate the distribution of…
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Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factors for the Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Open
Background: Anemia, a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), has previously been attributed primarily to decreased production of erythropoietin. More recently, it has become apparent that the etiology of anemia involves sever…
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Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma Open
Overall survival and objective response rates were significantly higher with nivolumab plus ipilimumab than with sunitinib among intermediate- and poor-risk patients with previously untreated advanced renal-cell carcinoma. (Funded by Brist…
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Gut microbiome modulates response to anti–PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients Open
Good bacteria help fight cancer Resident gut bacteria can affect patient responses to cancer immunotherapy (see the Perspective by Jobin). Routy et al. show that antibiotic consumption is associated with poor response to immunotherapeutic …
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In-silico study of accuracy and precision of left-ventricular strain quantification from 3D tagged MRI Open
Cannabis has been used worldwide for centuries for industrial, recreational and medicinal use, however, to date no successful attempts at editing genes involved in cannabinoid biosynthesis have been reported. This study proposes and develo…
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Atezolizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Open
Atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel prolonged progression-free survival among patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer in both the intention-to-treat population and the PD-L1-positive subgroup. Adverse events were consistent wit…
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Genomic Classification and Prognosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Open
The driver landscape in AML reveals distinct molecular subgroups that reflect discrete paths in the evolution of AML, informing disease classification and prognostic stratification. (Funded by the Wellcome Trust and others; ClinicalTrials.…
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The Role of Tumoral FOXP3 on Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Gastric Cancer Open
Background/Aims: There is little published data on the role of FOXP3 in gastric cancer. Methods: FOXP3 expression and localization in gastric cancer tissues and cells were examined by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, flow cytometry, western b…
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Estimating the population abundance of tissue-infiltrating immune and stromal cell populations using gene expression Open
We introduce the Microenvironment Cell Populations-counter (MCP-counter) method, which allows the robust quantification of the absolute abundance of eight immune and two stromal cell populations in heterogeneous tissues from transcriptomic…
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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Open
Most head and neck cancers are derived from the mucosal epithelium in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx and are known collectively as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Oral cavity and larynx cancers are generally associated …
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IFN-γ–related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade Open
Programmed death-1-directed (PD-1-directed) immune checkpoint blockade results in durable antitumor activity in many advanced malignancies. Recent studies suggest that IFN-γ is a critical driver of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) express…
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Five-Year Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma Open
BACKGROUND Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone resulted in longer progression-free and overall survival than ipilimumab alone in a trial involving patients with advanced melanoma. We now report 5-year outcomes in the trial. METHOD…
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A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts Open
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the tumour microenvironment with diverse functions, including matrix deposition and remodelling, extensive reciprocal signalling interactions with cancer cells and crosstalk with …
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The Versatile Role of microRNA-30a in Human Cancer Open
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNA molecules of 20-23 nucleotides length that negatively regulate gene expressions in numerous cellular processes. Through complementary paring with target mRNAs, miRNAs have frequently emerged …
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First-Line Atezolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer Open
The addition of atezolizumab to chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer resulted in significantly longer overall survival and progression-free survival than chemotherapy alone. (Funded by F. Hoffm…
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The Tumor Microenvironment Innately Modulates Cancer Progression Open
Cancer development and progression occurs in concert with alterations in the surrounding stroma. Cancer cells can functionally sculpt their microenvironment through the secretion of various cytokines, chemokines, and other factors. This re…
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Tumor Mutational Burden and Response Rate to PD-1 Inhibition Open
In a survey of the spectrum of mutational burdens in 27 types of cancers, there was a correlation between an increased mutational burden and the response to checkpoint inhibition of PD-1 and PD-L1.
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Osimertinib or Platinum–Pemetrexed in <i>EGFR</i> T790M–Positive Lung Cancer Open
Osimertinib had significantly greater efficacy than platinum therapy plus pemetrexed in patients with T790M-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (including those with CNS metastases) in whom disease had progressed during first-line…
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Long Noncoding RNA and Cancer: A New Paradigm Open
In addition to mutations or aberrant expression in the protein-coding genes, mutations and misregulation of noncoding RNAs, in particular long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA), appear to play major roles in cancer. Genome-wide association studies o…
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Mutations Associated with Acquired Resistance to PD-1 Blockade in Melanoma Open
In this study, acquired resistance to PD-1 blockade immunotherapy in patients with melanoma was associated with defects in the pathways involved in interferon-receptor signaling and in antigen presentation. (Funded by the National Institut…
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Phase 3 Trial of <sup>177</sup> Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors Open
Treatment with 177Lu-Dotatate resulted in markedly longer progression-free survival and a significantly higher response rate than high-dose octreotide LAR among patients with advanced midgut neuroendocrine tumors. Preliminary evidence of a…
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High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa Open
It has been reported that ACE2 is the main host cell receptor of 2019-nCoV and plays a crucial role in the entry of virus into the cell to cause the final infection. To investigate the potential route of 2019-nCov infection on the mucosa o…
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Notch Signaling Augments BMP9-Induced Bone Formation by Promoting the Osteogenesis-Angiogenesis Coupling Process in Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Open
Background/Aims: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors that can differentiate into several lineages including bone. Successful bone formation requires osteogenesis and angiogenesis coupling of MSCs. Here, we investigate…
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Patisiran, an RNAi Therapeutic, for Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis Open
In this trial, patisiran improved multiple clinical manifestations of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. (Funded by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals; APOLLO ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01960348 .).