Climate model ≈ Climate model
View article: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization
Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization Open
By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. Howe…
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Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis Open
The Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical science basis of climate change. It considers in situ and remote ob…
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The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 Open
Projections of future climate change play a fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) is the pr…
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ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications Open
Framed within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European Commission, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is producing an enhanced global dataset for the land component of the fifth generation of …
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Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas Open
High resolution information on climatic conditions is essential to many applications in environmental and ecological sciences. Here we present the CHELSA Climatologies at high resolution for the earths land surface areas data of downscaled…
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Causes of Higher Climate Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models Open
Equilibrium climate sensitivity, the global surface temperature response to CO doubling, has been persistently uncertain. Recent consensus places it likely within 1.5–4.5 K. Global climate models (GCMs), which attempt to represent all rele…
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Presentation and Evaluation of the IPSL‐CM6A‐LR Climate Model Open
This study presents the global climate model IPSL‐CM6A‐LR developed at Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace (IPSL) to study natural climate variability and climate response to natural and anthropogenic forcings as part of the sixth phase of the C…
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The shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions to 2500 Open
Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are the main driver of current and future climate change. The integrated assessment community has quantified anthropogenic emissions for the shared socio-economic pathway…
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Developments in the MPI‐M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI‐ESM1.2) and Its Response to Increasing CO<sub>2</sub> Open
A new release of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI‐ESM1.2) is presented. The development focused on correcting errors in and improving the physical processes representation, as well as improving t…
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UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model Open
We document the development of the first version of the U.K. Earth System Model UKESM1. The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with enhancements to all component models and new feedback mechanisms. These includ…
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The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5.0.3) Open
The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal …
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High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6 Open
Robust projections and predictions of climate variability and change, particularly at regional scales, rely on the driving processes being represented with fidelity in model simulations. The role of enhanced horizontal resolution in improv…
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Evaluation of CMIP6 DECK Experiments With CNRM‐CM6‐1 Open
This paper describes the main characteristics of CNRM‐CM6‐1, the fully coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model of sixth generation jointly developed by Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM) and Cerfacs for the six…
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The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 7.0/7.1 and JULES Global Land 7.0 configurations Open
We describe Global Atmosphere 7.0 and Global Land 7.0 (GA7.0/GL7.0), the latest science configurations of the Met Office Unified Model (UM) and the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model developed for use across wea…
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Locally Downscaled and Spatially Customizable Climate Data for Historical and Future Periods for North America Open
Large volumes of gridded climate data have become available in recent years including interpolated historical data from weather stations and future predictions from general circulation models. These datasets, however, are at various spatia…
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Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing Open
Anthropogenic emissions and land use changes have modified atmospheric aerosol concentrations and size distributions over time. Understanding preindustrial conditions and changes in organic aerosol due to anthropogenic activities is import…
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The Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model Version 2.0, MRI-ESM2.0: Description and Basic Evaluation of the Physical Component Open
The new Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI-ESM2.0) has been developed based on previous models, MRI-CGCM3 and MRI-ESM1, which participated in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (…
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Harmonization of global land use change and management for the period 850–2100 (LUH2) for CMIP6 Open
Human land use activities have resulted in large changes to the biogeochemical and biophysical properties of the Earth's surface, with consequences for climate and other ecosystem services. In the future, land use activities are likely to …
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Will drought events become more frequent and severe in Europe? Open
As a result of climate change in recent past and unsustainable land management, drought became one of the most impacting disasters and, with the projected global warming, it is expected to progressively cause more damages by the end of the…
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Description and basic evaluation of simulated mean state, internal variability, and climate sensitivity in MIROC6 Open
The sixth version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC), called MIROC6, was cooperatively developed by a Japanese modeling community. In the present paper, simulated mean climate, internal climate variability, and …
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Twenty‐First Century Drought Projections in the CMIP6 Forcing Scenarios Open
There is strong evidence that climate change will increase drought risk and severity, but these conclusions depend on the regions, seasons, and drought metrics being considered. We analyze changes in drought across the hydrologic cycle (pr…
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Land–atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the science and current challenges Open
Droughts and heatwaves cause agricultural loss, forest mortality, and drinking water scarcity, especially when they occur simultaneously as combined events. Their predicted increase in recurrence and intensity poses serious threats to futu…
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Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change Open
Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic a…
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The GFDL Earth System Model Version 4.1 (GFDL‐ESM 4.1): Overall Coupled Model Description and Simulation Characteristics Open
We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4.1), which builds on component and coupled model developments at GFDL over 2013–2018 for coupled carbon‐chemi…
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Evaluation of CNRM Earth System Model, CNRM‐ESM2‐1: Role of Earth System Processes in Present‐Day and Future Climate Open
This study introduces CNRM‐ESM2‐1, the Earth system (ES) model of second generation developed by CNRM‐CERFACS for the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). CNRM‐ESM2‐1 offers a higher model complexity than the A…
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The Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC-CSM): the main progress from CMIP5 to CMIP6 Open
The main advancements of the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) climate system model from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to phase 6 (CMIP6) are presented, in terms of physical parameterizations and model performance…
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The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Overview and Evaluation at Standard Resolution Open
This work documents the first version of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) new Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). We focus on the standard resolution of the fully coupled physical model designed to address DOE mission‐relevant …
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Aerosol and monsoon climate interactions over Asia Open
The increasing severity of droughts/floods and worsening air quality from increasing aerosols in Asia monsoon regions are the two gravest threats facing over 60% of the world population living in Asian monsoon regions. These dual threats h…
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Bias Correcting Climate Change Simulations - a Critical Review Open
Climate models are our major source of knowledge about climate change. The impacts of climate change are often quantified by impact models. Whereas impact models typically require high resolution unbiased input data, global and regional cl…
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Global projections of river flood risk in a warmer world Open
Rising global temperature has put increasing pressure on understanding the linkage between atmospheric warming and the occurrence of natural hazards. While the Paris Agreement has set the ambitious target to limiting global warming to 1.5°…