Competition (biology) ≈ Competition (biology)
View article: Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models
Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models Open
In this work, we develop and release Llama 2, a collection of pretrained and fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) ranging in scale from 7 billion to 70 billion parameters. Our fine-tuned LLMs, called Llama 2-Chat, are optimized for dial…
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Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variation Open
We describe a new training methodology for generative adversarial networks. The key idea is to grow both the generator and discriminator progressively: starting from a low resolution, we add new layers that model increasingly fine details …
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The China Shock: Learning from Labor-Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade Open
China's emergence as a great economic power has induced an epochal shift in patterns of world trade. Simultaneously, it has challenged much of the received empirical wisdom about how labor markets adjust to trade shocks. Alongside the hera…
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Innovation ecosystems: A conceptual review and a new definition Open
The concept of innovation ecosystems has become popular during the last 15 years, leading to a debate regarding its relevance and conceptual rigor, not the least in this journal. The purpose of this article is to review received definition…
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A general framework for quantitatively assessing ecological stochasticity Open
Significance An ecological community is a dynamic complex system with a myriad of interacting species, which are controlled by various scale-dependent deterministic and stochastic forces. With rapid advances in genomics technologies, categ…
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Importing Political Polarization? The Electoral Consequences of Rising Trade Exposure Open
Has rising import competition contributed to the polarization of US politics? Analyzing multiple measures of political expression and results of congressional and presidential elections spanning the period 2000 through 2016, we find strong…
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How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury Open
Athletes participating in elite sports are exposed to high training loads and increasingly saturated competition calendars. Emerging evidence indicates that poor load management is a major risk factor for injury. The International Olympic …
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Common method bias in applied settings: The dilemma of researching in organizations Open
Authors are experiencing increasing competition for their articles to be published. One way of ensuring their work is given the best chance of being published is to underpin their research with rigorous methods that are characterized by ro…
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Natural Biofertilizers: Let's Benefit from Past Successes Open
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) constitute a group of root obligate biotrophs that exchange mutual benefits with about 80% of plants. They are considered natural biofertilizers, since they provide the host with water, nutrients, and pat…
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How much is too much? (Part 2) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness Open
The modern-day athlete participating in elite sports is exposed to high training loads and increasingly saturated competition calendar. Emerging evidence indicates that inappropriate load management is a significant risk factor for acute i…
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The M4 Competition: 100,000 time series and 61 forecasting methods Open
The M4 Competition follows on from the three previous M competitions, the purpose of which was to learn from empirical evidence both how to improve the forecasting accuracy and how such learning could be used to advance the theory and prac…
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Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in a Prosumer-Based Community Microgrid: A Game-Theoretic Model Open
This paper proposes a novel game-theoretic model for peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading among the prosumers in a community. The buyers can adjust the energy consumption behavior based on the price and quantity of the energy offered by the s…
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Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus Statement Open
The relationship between recovery and fatigue and its impact on performance has attracted the interest of sport science for many years. An adequate balance between stress (training and competition load, other life demands) and recovery is …
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Academic Research in the 21st Century: Maintaining Scientific Integrity in a Climate of Perverse Incentives and Hypercompetition Open
Over the last 50 years, we argue that incentives for academic scientists have become increasingly perverse in terms of competition for research funding, development of quantitative metrics to measure performance, and a changing business mo…
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Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition Open
Objective To measure long‐term changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition in participants of “The Biggest Loser” competition. Methods Body composition was measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and RMR was determin…
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The Business of Platforms: Strategy in the Age of Digital Competition, Innovation, and Power Open
Managers and entrepreneurs in the digital era must learn to live in two worlds—the conventional economy and the platform economy. Platforms that operate for business purposes usually exist at the level of an industry or ecosystem, bringing…
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Fleeing the centre: the rise of challenger parties in the aftermath of the euro crisis Open
The Eurozone crisis has altered the party political landscape across Europe. The most visible effect is the rise of challenger parties. The crisis not only caused economic hardship, but also placed considerable fiscal constraints upon a nu…
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Bacterial Communities: Interactions to Scale Open
In the environment, bacteria live in complex multispecies communities. These communities span in scale from small, multicellular aggregates to billions or trillions of cells within the gastrointestinal tract of animals. The dynamics of bac…
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Trichoderma: The “Secrets” of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent Open
The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a …
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<b>cooccur</b>: Probabilistic Species Co-Occurrence Analysis in<i>R</i> Open
The observation that species may be positively or negatively associated with each other is at least as old as the debate surrounding the nature of community structure which began in the early 1900's with Gleason and Clements. Since then in…
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Internet of Things, Big Data, Industry 4.0 – Innovative Solutions in Logistics and Supply Chains Management Open
The aim of this article is to present some ‘smart’ solutions which could be recognised as innovative solutions in both areas: technology and organisation. The above mentioned solutions could be implemented by logistics which, in the era of…
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Competition between CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution on a Gold Electrode under Well-Defined Mass Transport Conditions Open
Gold is one of the most selective catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) to CO. However, the concomitant hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains unavoidable under aqueous conditions. In this work, a rotating ring disk…
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SAR11 Bacteria: The Most Abundant Plankton in the Oceans Open
SAR11 is a group of small, carbon-oxidizing bacteria that reach a global estimated population size of 2.4×10 28 cells—approximately 25% of all plankton. They are found throughout the oceans but reach their largest numbers in stratified, ol…
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A synthesis of radial growth patterns preceding tree mortality Open
Tree mortality is a key factor influencing forest functions and dynamics, but our understanding of the mechanisms leading to mortality and the associated changes in tree growth rates are still limited. We compiled a new pan‐continental tre…
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Where, when and how plant–soil feedback matters in a changing world Open
Summary It is increasingly acknowledged that plant–soil feedbacks may play an important role in driving the composition of plant communities and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the mechanistic understanding of plant–soil fe…
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Platform ecosystems as meta‐organizations: Implications for platform strategies Open
Research summary Platform ecosystems have spurred new products and services, sparked innovation, and improved economic efficiency in various industries and technology sectors. A distinctive feature of the platform architecture is its modul…
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Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Pricing, and Collusion Open
Increasingly, algorithms are supplanting human decision-makers in pricing goods and services. To analyze the possible consequences, we study experimentally the behavior of algorithms powered by Artificial Intelligence (Q-learning) in a wor…
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The impact of digital transformation on the retailing value chain Open
Consumers have traditionally made purchase decisions at the store shelf, giving institutional brick-and-mortar retailers great power to learn about and influence behaviors and preferences. With the rise of e-commerce, mobile shopping, and …
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A critical investigation of Industry 4.0 in manufacturing: theoretical operationalisation framework Open
Increasing global competition on product quality and production costs, and the need for flexibility in production petition for transformed production processes which enable high level of connectivity and integration between business proces…
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Climate Finance Open
Climate finance is the study of local and global financing of public and private investment that seeks to support mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. In 2017, the Review of Financial Studies launched a competition among scholar…