Encoding specificity principle
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Transformed Neural Pattern Reinstatement during Episodic Memory Retrieval Open
Contemporary models of episodic memory posit that remembering involves the reenactment of encoding processes. Although encoding-retrieval similarity has been consistently reported and linked to memory success, the nature of neural pattern …
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Memory and Reward-Based Learning: A Value-Directed Remembering Perspective Open
The ability to prioritize valuable information is critical for the efficient use of memory in daily life. When information is important, we engage more effective encoding mechanisms that can better support retrieval. Here, we describe a du…
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Encoding and Retrieval Interference in Sentence Comprehension: Evidence from Agreement Open
Long-distance verb-argument dependencies generally require the integration of a fronted argument when the verb is encountered for sentence interpretation. Under a parsing model that handles long-distance dependencies through a cue-based re…
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The role of episodic context in retrieval practice effects. Open
The episodic context account of retrieval-based learning proposes that retrieval enhances subsequent retention because people must think back to and reinstate a prior learning context. Three experiments directly tested this central assumpt…
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Exploring word memorability: How well do different word properties explain item free-recall probability? Open
What makes some words more memorable than others? Words can vary in many dimensions, and a variety of lexical, semantic, and affective properties have previously been associated with variability in recall performance. Free recall data were…
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Do actions speak louder than words? Examining children’s ability to follow instructions Open
The ability to encode, retain, and implement instructions within working memory is central to many behaviours, including classroom activities which underpin learning. The three experiments presented here explored how action-planned, enacte…
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Information and processes underlying semantic and episodic memory across tasks, items, and individuals. Open
The development of memory theory has been constrained by a focus on isolated tasks rather than the processes and information that are common to situations in which memory is engaged. We present results from a study in which 453 participant…
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Reminders can enhance or impair episodic memory updating: a memory-for-change perspective Open
The Memory-for-Change framework proposes that retrieving episodic memories can facilitate new learning when changes between existing memories and new information are integrated during encoding and later recollected. Four experiments examin…
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Depth of Encoding Through Observed Gestures in Foreign Language Word Learning Open
Word learning is basic to foreign language acquisition, however time consuming and not always successful. Empirical studies have shown that traditional (visual) word learning can be enhanced by gestures. The gesture benefit has been attrib…
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Retrieval Demands Adaptively Change Striatal Old/New Signals and Boost Subsequent Long-Term Memory Open
The striatum is a central part of the dopaminergic mesolimbic system and contributes both to the encoding and retrieval of long-term memories. In this regard, the co-occurrence of striatal novelty and retrieval success effects in independe…
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How to induce an age-related benefit of semantic relatedness in associative memory: It’s all in the design. Open
The age-related associative memory deficit can be alleviated, under some conditions, when to-be-remembered associations are semantically related. In this study, we explored the experimental conditions in which older adults benefited from s…
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A test of retrieved context theory: Dynamics of recall after incidental encoding. Open
The temporal contiguity effect (TCE) is the tendency for the recall of one event to cue recall of other events originally experienced nearby in time. Retrieved context theory proposes that the TCE results from fundamental properties of epi…
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Neural Patterns are More Similar across Individuals during Successful Memory Encoding than during Failed Memory Encoding Open
After experiencing the same episode, some people can recall certain details about it, whereas others cannot. We investigate how common (intersubject) neural patterns during memory encoding influence whether an episode will be subsequently …
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fMRI exploration of pedagogical benefits of repeated testing: when more is not always better Open
Introduction The testing effect refers to superior retention when study is followed by a test rather than followed by another study. Most research to date on why the testing effect occurs has been behavioral, but we employed neuroimaging m…
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Age-Related Deficits in Memory Encoding and Retrieval in Word List Free Recall Open
Although ageing is known to affect memory, the precise nature of its effect on retrieval and encoding processes is not well understood. Here, we examine the effect of ageing on the free recall of word lists, in which the semantic structure…
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In search of the proximal cause of the animacy effect on memory: Attentional resource allocation and semantic representations Open
People recall and recognize animate words better than inanimate words, perhaps because memory systems were shaped by evolution to prioritize memory for predators, people, and food sources. Attentional paradigms show an animacy advantage th…
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Neural Pattern Classification Tracks Transfer-Appropriate Processing in Episodic Memory Open
The transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) account holds that episodic memory depends on the overlap between encoding and retrieval processing. In the current study, we employed multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of electroencephalography…
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Reactivation of neural patterns during memory reinstatement supports encoding specificity Open
Encoding specificity states that encoding and retrieving items in the same modality benefits memory, compared to encoding and retrieving in different modalities. In neural terms, this can be expressed as memory cues resonating with stored …
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Recall cues interfere with retrieval from visuospatial working memory Open
Visuospatial working memory allows us to hold multiple visual objects over short delays. It is typically tested by presenting an array of objects, then after a delay showing a ‘probe’ indicating which memory item to recall or reproduce by …
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Information and Processes Underlying Semantic and Episodic Memory Across Tasks, Items, and Individuals Open
The development of memory theory has been constrained by a focus on isolated tasks rather than the processes and information that are common to situations in which memory is engaged. We present results from a study in which 453 participant…
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Animate and Inanimate Words Demonstrate Equivalent Retrieval Dynamics Despite the Occurrence of the Animacy Advantage Open
People demonstrate a memory advantage for animate (living) concepts over inanimate (nonliving) concepts in a variety of memory tasks, including free recall, but we do not know the mechanism(s) that produces this effect. We compared the ret…
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Optimising word learning in post-secondary students with Developmental Language Disorder: The roles of retrieval difficulty and retrieval success during training Open
To optimally support encoding and delayed retrieval, students with and without DLD should utilise free recall practice. Additionally, words should be studied until they are successfully retrieved multiple times at a high level of phonologi…
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STOP SHOUTING AT ME: The Influence of Case and Self-Referencing on Explicit and Implicit Memory Open
Evidence suggests that physical changes in word appearance, such as those written in all capital letters, and the use of effective encoding strategies, such as self-referential processing, improves memory. In this study we examined the ext…
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Impact of processing demands at encoding, maintenance and retrieval in visual working memory Open
There has been surprisingly little examination of how recall performance is affected by processing demands induced by retrieval cues, how manipulations at encoding interact with processing demands during maintenance or due to the retrieval…
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Odor-based context-dependent memory: influence of olfactory cues on declarative and nondeclarative memory indices Open
Reinstating the olfactory learning context can increase access to memory information, but it is not fully clear which memory functions are subject to an enhancing odor context reinstatement effect. Here, we tested whether congruent odor co…
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Memory Disorders as a Function of Traumatic Brain Injury. Word Completion, Recall of Words and Actions Open
The memory performance of a group with traumatic brain injury and a matched control group was assessed using the following methods (a) word completion, (b) immediate free, final free and final cued recall of words and (c) immediate free an…
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Value-directed retrieval: The effects of divided attention at encoding and retrieval on memory selectivity and retrieval dynamics. Open
Value-directed remembering refers to the tendency to best remember important information at the expense of less valuable information, and this ability may draw on strategic attentional processes. In six experiments, we investigated the rol…
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Aging and memory as discrimination: Influences of encoding specificity, cue overload, and prior knowledge. Open
From the perspective of memory-as-discrimination, whether a cue leads to correct retrieval simultaneously depends on the cue's relationship to (a) the memory target and (b) the other retrieval candidates. A corollary of the view is that in…
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Memory-related encoding-specificity paradigm: Experimental application to the exercise domain Open
The Encoding-Specificity Paradigm indicates that memory recall will be superior when contextual factors are congruent between memory encoding and memory retrieval. However, unlike other contextual conditions (e.g., verbal context, mental o…
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Running During Encoding Improves Word Learning for Children Open
The learning of new information is an important task in everyday life, especially at a young age. Acute physical exercise can facilitate cognitive processes in multiple ways, and previous studies have shown that memory can profit from phys…