Extensive-form game
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Game Theory in Economics and Beyond Open
Within economics, game theory occupied a rather isolated niche in the 1960s and 1970s. It was pursued by people who were known specifically as game theorists and who did almost nothing but game theory, while other economists had little ide…
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Finding Optimal Abstract Strategies in Extensive-Form Games Open
Extensive-form games are a powerful model for representing interactions between agents. Nash equilibrium strategies are a common solution concept for extensive-form games and, in two-player zero-sum games, there are efficient algorithms fo…
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Sequential Information Design Open
We study games of incomplete information as both the information structure and the extensive form vary. An analyst may know the payoff‐relevant data but not the players' private information, nor the extensive form that governs their play. …
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Using Correlated Strategies for Computing Stackelberg Equilibria in Extensive-Form Games Open
Strong Stackelberg Equilibrium (SSE) is a fundamental solution concept in game theory in which one player commits to a strategy, while the other player observes this commitment and plays a best response. We present a new algorithm for comp…
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Intra Firm Bargaining and Shapley Values Open
We study two wage bargaining games between a firm and multiple workers. We revisit the bargaining game proposed by Stole and Zwiebel. We show that, in the unique Subgame Perfect Equilibrium, the gains from trade captured by workers who bar…
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On the equivalence between non-factorizable mixed-strategy classical games and quantum games Open
A game-theoretic setting provides a mathematical basis for analysis of strategic interaction among competing agents and provides insights into both classical and quantum decision theory and questions of strategic choice. An outstanding mat…
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Ex ante coordination and collusion in zero-sum multi-player extensive-form games Open
Recent milestones in equilibrium computation, such as the success of Libratus, show that it is possible to compute strong solutions to two-player zero-sum games in theory and practice. This is not the case for games with more than two play…
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Refining Subgames in Large Imperfect Information Games Open
The leading approach to solving large imperfect information games is to pre-calculate an approximate solution using a simplified abstraction of the full game; that solution is then used to play the original, full-scale game. The abstractio…
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What Game Are We Playing? End-to-end Learning in Normal and Extensive Form Games Open
Although recent work in AI has made great progress in solving large, zero-sum, extensive-form games, the underlying assumption in most past work is that the parameters of the game itself are known to the agents. This paper deals with the r…
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HyperPlay: A Solution to General Game Playing with Imperfect Information Open
General Game Playing is the design of AI systems able to understand the rules of new games and to use such descriptions to play those games effectively. Games with imperfectinformation have recently been added as a new challenge forexistin…
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No-Regret Learning Dynamics for Extensive-Form Correlated Equilibrium Open
The existence of simple, uncoupled no-regret dynamics that converge to correlated equilibria in normal-form games is a celebrated result in the theory of multi-agent systems. Specifically, it has been known for more than 20 years that when…
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The one player guessing game: a diagnosis on the relationship between equilibrium play, beliefs, and best responses Open
Experiments involving games have two dimensions of difficulty for subjects in the laboratory. One is understanding the rules and structure of the game and the other is forming beliefs about the behavior of other players. Typically, these t…
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An Overview on Game Theory and Its Application Open
This research paper looks into Game Theory while immensely addressing the historical background of this theory. The document also gives an overview and definition of relevant terminologies related to this theory like a game, Nash equilibri…
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Simple Uncoupled No-regret Learning Dynamics for Extensive-form Correlated Equilibrium Open
The existence of simple uncoupled no-regret learning dynamics that converge to correlated equilibria in normal-form games is a celebrated result in the theory of multi-agent systems. Specifically, it has been known for more than 20 years t…
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Moving Information Horizon Approach for Dynamic Game Models Open
In the paper, a new class of dynamic game models with a moving information horizon or dynamic updating is studied. In this class of games, players do not have full information about the game structure (motion equations, payoff functions) o…
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Subgame Consistent Cooperative Behavior in an Extensive form Game with Chance Moves Open
We design a mechanism of the players’ sustainable cooperation in multistage n-person game in the extensive form with chance moves. When the players agreed to cooperate in a dynamic game they have to ensure time consistency of the long-term…
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Subgame-Perfect ϵ-Equilibria in Perfect Information Games with Common Preferences at the Limit Open
We prove the existence of a pure subgame–perfect epsilon–equilibrium, for every epsilon > 0, in multiplayer perfect information games, provided that the payoff functions are bounded and exhibit common preferences at the limit. If, in addit…
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On a Simplified Method of Defining Characteristic Function in Stochastic Games Open
In the paper, we propose a new method of constructing cooperative stochastic game in the form of characteristic function when initially non-cooperative stochastic game is given. The set of states and the set of actions for any player is fi…
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Bayesian game theorists and non-Bayesian players Open
Bayesian game theorists claim to represent players as Bayes rational agents, maximising their expected utility given their beliefs about the choices of other players. I argue that this narrative is inconsistent with the formal structure of…
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The Influences of Asymmetric Market Information on the Dynamics of Duopoly Game Open
We investigate the complex dynamic characteristics of a duopoly game whose players adopt a gradient-based mechanism to update their outputs and one of them possesses in some way certain information about his/her opponent. We show that know…
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Stochastic Dynamic Games in Belief Space Open
Information gathering while interacting with other agents under sensing and motion uncertainty is critical in domains such as driving, service robots, racing, or surveillance. The interests of agents may be at odds with others, resulting i…
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Stackelberg solution of first-order mean field game with a major player Open
The paper is concerned with the study of the large system of identical players interacting with the environment.We model the environment as a major (exogenous) player.The main assumption of our model is that the minor players influence on …
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Smoothing Method for Approximate Extensive-Form Perfect Equilibrium Open
Nash equilibrium is a popular solution concept for solving imperfect-information games in practice. However, it has a major drawback: it does not preclude suboptimal play in branches of the game tree that are not reached in equilibrium. Eq…
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Student of Games: A unified learning algorithm for both perfect and imperfect information games Open
Games have a long history as benchmarks for progress in artificial intelligence. Approaches using search and learning produced strong performance across many perfect information games, and approaches using game-theoretic reasoning and lear…
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Sequential Equilibrium in Computational Games Open
We examine sequential equilibrium in the context of computational games (Halpern and Pass 2015), where agents are charged for computation. In such games, an agent can rationally choose to forget, so issues of imperfect recall arise. In thi…
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General Game Playing with Imperfect Information Open
General Game Playing is a field which allows the researcher to investigate techniques that might eventually be used in an agent capable of Artificial General Intelligence. Game playing presents a controlled environment in which to evaluate…
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On identifying subgame-perfect equilibrium outcomes for timing games Open
In Smirnov and Wait (2021), an iterative method is devised to identify subgame-perfect equilibrium outcomes of timing games. This note shows by simple examples that the identification is in fact neither necessary nor sufficient. The main i…
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Timeability of Extensive-Form Games Open
Extensive-form games constitute the standard representation scheme for games with a temporal component. But do all extensive-form games correspond to protocols that we can implement in the real world? We often rule out games with imperfect…
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Interactive Information Design Open
We study the interaction between multiple information designers who try to influence the behavior of a set of agents. When each designer can choose information policies from a compact set of statistical experiments with countable support, …
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Learning efficient equilibria in repeated games Open
The folk theorem tells us that a wide range of payoffs can be sustained as equilibria in an infinitely repeated game. Existing results about learning in repeated games suggest that players may converge to an equilibrium, but do not address…