View article: Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly
Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly Open
A widespread epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection was reported in 2015 in South and Central America and the Caribbean. A major concern associated with this infection is the apparent increased incidence of microcephaly in fetuses born to…
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Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth Open
Evidence from this updated review supports the continued use of a single course of antenatal corticosteroids to accelerate fetal lung maturation in women at risk of preterm birth. Treatment with antenatal corticosteroids reduces the risk o…
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Preeclampsia Open
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy—chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia—are uniquely challenging as the pathology and its therapeutic management simultaneously affect mother and fetus, sometimes putting their w…
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Physiological changes in pregnancy Open
Physiological changes occur in pregnancy to nurture the developing foetus and prepare the mother for labour and delivery. Some of these changes influence normal biochemical values while others may mimic symptoms of medical disease. It is i…
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Pre-eclampsia: pathophysiology and clinical implications Open
Pre-eclampsia is a common disorder that particularly affects first pregnancies. The clinical presentation is highly variable but hypertension and proteinuria are usually seen. These systemic signs arise from soluble factors released from t…
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Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection Open
SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is the first pandemic of the century. SARS-CoV-2 infection is transmitted through droplets; other transmission routes are hypothesized but not confirmed. So far, it is unclear whether and how SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitt…
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Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid Open
Interaction with intestinal microbes in infancy has a profound impact on health and disease in later life through programming of immune and metabolic pathways. We collected maternal faeces, placenta, amniotic fluid, colostrum, meconium and…
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An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women With COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes Open
The emergence of a novel coronavirus, termed SARS-CoV-2, and the potentially life-threatening respiratory disease that it can produce, COVID-19, has rapidly spread across the globe, creating a massive public health problem. Previous epidem…
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Characterizing the Pattern of Anomalies in Congenital Zika Syndrome for Pediatric Clinicians Open
Although the full spectrum of adverse reproductive outcomes caused by Zika virus infection is not yet determined, a distinctive phenotype-the congenital Zika syndrome-has emerged. Recognition of this phenotype by clinicians for infants and…
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Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities Open
The current outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with an apparent increased risk of congenital microcephaly. We describe a case of a pregnant woman and her fetus infected with ZIKV during the 11th gestational week. T…
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Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects Open
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a condition that occurs due to various reasons, is an important cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It has been defined as a rate of fetal growth that is less than normal in light of…
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Association Between MRI Exposure During Pregnancy and Fetal and Childhood Outcomes Open
Exposure to MRI during the first trimester of pregnancy compared with nonexposure was not associated with increased risk of harm to the fetus or in early childhood. Gadolinium MRI at any time during pregnancy was associated with an increas…
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Birth Defects Among Fetuses and Infants of US Women With Evidence of Possible Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy Open
Among pregnant women in the United States with completed pregnancies and laboratory evidence of possible recent Zika infection, 6% of fetuses or infants had evidence of Zika-associated birth defects, primarily brain abnormalities and micro…
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Macrophage Polarization in Physiological and Pathological Pregnancy Open
The immunology of pregnancy is complex and poorly defined. During the complex process of pregnancy, macrophages secrete many cytokines/chemokines and play pivotal roles in the maintenance of maternal-fetal tolerance. Here, we summarized th…
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ISUOG Practice Guidelines: diagnosis and management of small‐for‐gestational‐age fetus and fetal growth restriction Open
Clinical Standards Committee:\nThe International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) is a scientific organization that encourages sound clinical practice, and high-quality teaching and research related to diagnostic …
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The World Health Organization Fetal Growth Charts: A Multinational Longitudinal Study of Ultrasound Biometric Measurements and Estimated Fetal Weight Open
This study provides WHO fetal growth charts for EFW and common ultrasound biometric measurements, and shows variation between different parts of the world.
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Placental Origins of Chronic Disease Open
Epidemiological evidence links an individual's susceptibility to chronic disease in adult life to events during their intrauterine phase of development. Biologically this should not be unexpected, for organ systems are at their most plasti…
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Development of the human placenta Open
The placenta is essential for normal in utero development in mammals. In humans, defective placental formation underpins common pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. The great variation in placental types …
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ISUOG Practice Guidelines: ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and growth Open
INTRODUCTION These Guidelines aim to describe appropriate assessment of fetal biometry and diagnosis of fetal growth disorders. These disorders consist mainly of fetal growth restriction (FGR), also referred to as intrauterine growth restr…
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Microbial Changes during Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy Open
Several healthy developmental processes such as pregnancy, fetal development, and infant development include a multitude of physiological changes: weight gain, hormonal, and metabolic changes, as well as immune changes. In this review, we …
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Immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface Open
The placenta promotes tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus while protecting against vertical transmission of infections.
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<span>FIGO</span> classification for the clinical diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders, Open
Placenta accreta spectrum is impacting maternal health outcomes globally and its prevalence is likely to increase. Maternal outcomes depend on identification of the condition before or during delivery and, in particular, on the differentia…
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Fetal Origins of Mental Health: The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis Open
The quality of fetal growth and development predicts the risk for a range of noncommunicable, chronic illnesses. These observations form the basis of the "developmental origins of health and disease" hypothesis, which suggests that the int…
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Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia and Placental Diseases Open
Preeclampsia is a persistent hypertensive gestational disease characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria, which presents from the second trimester of pregnancy. At the cellular level, preeclampsia has largely been associated with…
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Maternal Immunological Adaptation During Normal Pregnancy Open
The risk and severity of specific infections are increased during pregnancy due to a combination of physiological and immunological changes. Characterizing the maternal immune system during pregnancy is important to understand how the mate…
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Type III Interferons Produced by Human Placental Trophoblasts Confer Protection against Zika Virus Infection Open
During mammalian pregnancy, the placenta acts as a barrier between the maternal and fetal compartments. The recently observed association between Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during human pregnancy and fetal microcephaly and other anomalies…
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First and second trimester serum tests with and without first trimester ultrasound tests for Down's syndrome screening Open
Tests involving first trimester ultrasound with first and second trimester serum markers in combination with maternal age are significantly better than those without ultrasound, or those evaluating first trimester ultrasound in combination…
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Evaluation and Management of Women and Newborns With a Maternal Diagnosis of Chorioamnionitis Open
In January 2015, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development invited an expert panel to a workshop to address numerous knowledge gaps and to provide evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and ma…
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DHA Effects in Brain Development and Function Open
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a structural constituent of membranes specifically in the central nervous system. Its accumulation in the fetal brain takes place mainly during the last trimester of pregnancy and continues at very high rates …
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The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: An update Open
Early-onset preeclampsia has been linked to poor placentation and fetal growth restriction, whereas late-onset preeclampsia was suggested to result from maternal factors. We have proposed an alternative model, suggesting that both early- a…