Forcing (mathematics)
View article: The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6
The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6 Open
Projections of future climate change play a fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) is the pr…
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ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications Open
Framed within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European Commission, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is producing an enhanced global dataset for the land component of the fifth generation of …
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The Community Land Model Version 5: Description of New Features, Benchmarking, and Impact of Forcing Uncertainty Open
The Community Land Model (CLM) is the land component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and is used in several global and regional modeling systems. In this paper, we introduce model developments included in CLM version 5 (CLM5), w…
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An astronomically dated record of Earth’s climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years Open
The response of Earth’s climate system to orbital forcing has been highly state dependent over the past 66 million years.
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The shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions to 2500 Open
Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are the main driver of current and future climate change. The integrated assessment community has quantified anthropogenic emissions for the shared socio-economic pathway…
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Paying More Attention to Attention: Improving the Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks via Attention Transfer Open
Attention plays a critical role in human visual experience. Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that attention can also play an important role in the context of applying artificial neural networks to a variety of tasks from fiel…
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Developments in the MPI‐M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI‐ESM1.2) and Its Response to Increasing CO<sub>2</sub> Open
A new release of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI‐ESM1.2) is presented. The development focused on correcting errors in and improving the physical processes representation, as well as improving t…
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UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model Open
We document the development of the first version of the U.K. Earth System Model UKESM1. The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with enhancements to all component models and new feedback mechanisms. These includ…
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The first high-resolution meteorological forcing dataset for land process studies over China Open
The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) is the first high spatial-temporal resolution gridded near-surface meteorological dataset developed specifically for studies of land surface processes in China. The dataset was made through f…
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The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5.0.3) Open
The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal …
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Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world Open
Shifting forest dynamics Forest dynamics are the processes of recruitment, growth, death, and turnover of the constituent tree species of the forest community. These processes are driven by disturbances both natural and anthropogenic. McDo…
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The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 7.0/7.1 and JULES Global Land 7.0 configurations Open
We describe Global Atmosphere 7.0 and Global Land 7.0 (GA7.0/GL7.0), the latest science configurations of the Met Office Unified Model (UM) and the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model developed for use across wea…
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Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing Open
Anthropogenic emissions and land use changes have modified atmospheric aerosol concentrations and size distributions over time. Understanding preindustrial conditions and changes in organic aerosol due to anthropogenic activities is import…
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Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing Open
New calculations of the radiative forcing (RF) are presented for the three main well‐mixed greenhouse gases, methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. Methane's RF is particularly impacted because of the inclusion of the shortwave forcin…
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Global emissions pathways under different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: a dataset of harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century Open
We present a suite of nine scenarios of future emissions trajectories of anthropogenic sources, a key deliverable of the ScenarioMIP experiment within CMIP6. Integrated assessment model results for 14 different emissions species and 13 emi…
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Twenty‐First Century Drought Projections in the CMIP6 Forcing Scenarios Open
There is strong evidence that climate change will increase drought risk and severity, but these conclusions depend on the regions, seasons, and drought metrics being considered. We analyze changes in drought across the hydrologic cycle (pr…
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Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change Open
Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic a…
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Evaluation of CNRM Earth System Model, CNRM‐ESM2‐1: Role of Earth System Processes in Present‐Day and Future Climate Open
This study introduces CNRM‐ESM2‐1, the Earth system (ES) model of second generation developed by CNRM‐CERFACS for the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). CNRM‐ESM2‐1 offers a higher model complexity than the A…
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Reservoir Water Surfaces: A New Global Synthesis Open
Collectively, reservoirs created by dams are thought to be an important source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. So far, efforts to quantify, model, and manage these emissions have been limited by data availability and inconsis…
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The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Overview and Evaluation at Standard Resolution Open
This work documents the first version of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) new Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). We focus on the standard resolution of the fully coupled physical model designed to address DOE mission‐relevant …
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The CAMELS data set: catchment attributes and meteorology for large-sample studies Open
We present a new data set of attributes for 671 catchments in the contiguous United States (CONUS) minimally impacted by human activities. This complements the daily time series of meteorological forcing and streamflow provided by Newman e…
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Overview of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) and key climate response of CMIP6 DECK, historical, and scenario simulations Open
The second version of the coupled Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) is presented and evaluated. NorESM2 is based on the second version of the Community Earth System Model (CESM2) and shares with CESM2 the computer code infrastructure …
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The Central Chile Mega Drought (2010–2018): A climate dynamics perspective Open
Central Chile, home to more than 10 million inhabitants, has experienced an uninterrupted sequence of dry years since 2010 with mean rainfall deficits of 20–40%. The so‐called Mega Drought (MD) is the longest event on record and with few a…
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Pantropical climate interactions Open
Tropical interconnections The El Niño–Southern Oscillation, which originates in the tropical Pacific, affects the rest of the world's tropics by perturbing global atmospheric circulation. Less appreciated than this influence is how the tro…
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Markedly enhanced absorption and direct radiative forcing of black carbon under polluted urban environments Open
Significance Although black carbon (BC) represents a key short-lived climate forcer, its direct radiative forcing remains highly uncertain. The available results from available studies of absorption enhancement of BC particles during atmos…
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The Met Office Global Coupled Model 3.0 and 3.1 (GC3.0 and GC3.1) Configurations Open
The Global Coupled 3 (GC3) configuration of the Met Office Unified Model is presented. Among other applications, GC3 is the basis of the United Kingdom's submission to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6). This paper documen…
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Climate model projections from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) of CMIP6 Open
The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) defines and coordinates the main set of future climate projections, based on concentration-driven simulations, within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). This …
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GISS‐E2.1: Configurations and Climatology Open
This paper describes the GISS‐E2.1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) chiefly due to parameterization improvements to the atmospheric …
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Global Mean Climate and Main Patterns of Variability in the CMCC‐CM2 Coupled Model Open
Euro‐Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change coupled climate model (CMCC‐CM2) represents the new family of the global coupled climate models developed and used at CMCC. It is based on the atmospheric, land and sea ice components from the Co…
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Global sea-level budget 1993–present Open
Global mean sea level is an integral of changes occurring in the climate system in response to unforced climate variability as well as natural and anthropogenic forcing factors. Its temporal evolution allows changes (e.g., acceleration) to…