Fragmentation (computing) ≈ Fragmentation (computing)
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<i>50th Anniversary Perspective</i>: RAFT Polymerization—A User Guide Open
This Perspective summarizes the features and limitations of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses, as our understanding of the process, from both a mechanistic and…
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Software Tools and Approaches for Compound Identification of LC-MS/MS Data in Metabolomics Open
The annotation of small molecules remains a major challenge in untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. We here critically discuss structured elucidation approaches and software that are designed to help during the annotation of un…
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Is habitat fragmentation good for biodiversity? Open
Habitat loss is a primary threat to biodiversity across the planet, yet contentious debate has ensued on the importance of habitat fragmentation 'per se' (i.e., altered spatial configuration of habitat for a given amount of habitat loss). …
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Sanger Tree of Life Fragmented DNA clean up: Manual SPRI v1 Open
This protocol describes the manual clean up of fragmented DNA following the Sanger Tree of Life HMW DNA Fragmentation protocols, using PacBio AMPure PB beads. This process is highly effective for the cleaning and removal of shorter fragmen…
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Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents Open
Tropical savannas are a globally extensive biome prone to rapid vegetation change in response to changing environmental conditions. Via a meta‐analysis, we quantified savanna woody vegetation change spanning the last century. We found a gl…
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Hydrogen Rearrangement Rules: Computational MS/MS Fragmentation and Structure Elucidation Using MS-FINDER Software Open
Compound identification from accurate mass MS/MS spectra is a bottleneck for untargeted metabolomics. In this study, we propose nine rules of hydrogen rearrangement (HR) during bond cleavages in low-energy collision-induced dissociation (C…
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Understanding the Fragmentation Pattern of Marine Plastic Debris Open
The global estimation of microplastic afloat in the ocean is only approximately 1% of annual global plastic inputs. This reflects fundamental knowledge gaps in the transformation, fragmentation, and fates of microplastics in the ocean. In …
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Quantification of habitat fragmentation reveals extinction risk in terrestrial mammals Open
Significance Despite the critical threat of habitat fragmentation, global patterns of fragmentation and its relationship to extinction risk have not been quantified for any major taxon. We developed high-resolution models that provide a gl…
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Human impacts on global freshwater fish biodiversity Open
No waters left untouched We are increasingly aware of human impacts on biodiversity across our planet, especially in terrestrial and marine systems. We know less about fresh waters, including large rivers. Su et al. looked across such syst…
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The Changing Cleavage Politics of Western Europe Open
How are the contours of Western European politics shifting? To what extent do these shifts reflect changes in the underlying social and economic structure of European polities? In this article, we reflect on insights from the classic liter…
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Sanger Tree of Life HMW DNA Fragmentation: Diagenode Megaruptor®3 for LI PacBio v1 Open
This protocol describes the fragmentation of HMW DNA from one of the MagAttract v.2, Plant MagAttract v.3, or Plant MagAttract v.4 Sanger Tree of Life HMW DNA extraction protocols, using the Diagenode Megaruptor®3. This process is highly e…
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High-Resolution Native Mass Spectrometry Open
Native mass spectrometry (MS) involves the analysis and characterization of macromolecules, predominantly intact proteins and protein complexes, whereby as much as possible the native structural features of the analytes are retained. As su…
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Impacts of current and future large dams on the geographic range connectivity of freshwater fish worldwide Open
Dams contribute to water security, energy supply, and flood protection but also fragment habitats of freshwater species. Yet, a global species-level assessment of dam-induced fragmentation is lacking. Here, we assessed the degree of fragme…
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Global impacts of future urban expansion on terrestrial vertebrate diversity Open
Rapid urban expansion has profound impacts on global biodiversity through habitat conversion, degradation, fragmentation, and species extinction. However, how future urban expansion will affect global biodiversity needs to be better unders…
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Full length RTN3 regulates turnover of tubular endoplasmic reticulum via selective autophagy Open
The turnover of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ensures the correct biological activity of its distinct domains. In mammalian cells, the ER is degraded via a selective autophagy pathway (ER-phagy), mediated by two specific receptors: FAM134B, r…
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A nuclease that mediates cell death induced by DNA damage and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 Open
DNA damage-activated nuclease identified Cells that experience stresses and accumulate excessive damage to DNA undergo cell death mediated by a nuclear enzyme known as PARP-1. During this process, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocat…
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Are News Audiences Increasingly Fragmented? A Cross-National Comparative Analysis of Cross-Platform News Audience Fragmentation and Duplication Open
The move to high-choice media environments has sparked fears over audience fragmentation. We analyze news audiences across media platforms (print, television, and online) in 6 countries, going beyond platform-specific, single-country studi…
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All is not lost: deriving a top-down mass budget of plastic at sea Open
Understanding the global mass inventory is one of the main challenges in present research on plastic marine debris. Especially the fragmentation and vertical transport processes of oceanic plastic are poorly understood. However, whereas fr…
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Topic modeling for untargeted substructure exploration in metabolomics Open
Significance Tandem MS is a technique for compound identification in untargeted metabolomics experiments. Because of a lack of reference spectra, most molecules cannot be identified, and many spectra cannot be used. We present MS2LDA, an u…
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Propagating annotations of molecular networks using in silico fragmentation Open
The annotation of small molecules is one of the most challenging and important steps in untargeted mass spectrometry analysis, as most of our biological interpretations rely on structural annotations. Molecular networking has emerged as a …
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An overview of apoptosis assays detecting DNA fragmentation Open
Apoptosis has been recognized as a type of programmed cell death connected with characteristic morphological and biochemical changes in cells. This programmed cell death plays an important role in the genesis of a number of physiological a…
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Fragmentation of Andes-to-Amazon connectivity by hydropower dams Open
Hydropower development in the Andean Amazon has been underestimated and will disrupt connected human and natural systems.
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Microplastics Generation: Onset of Fragmentation of Polyethylene Films in Marine Environment Mesocosms Open
The fragmentation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) films from single-use supermarket plastic bags to microplastics under laboratory-simulated onshore and nearshore conditions was investigated for a period of 6 months. The weathering pro…
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Achieving climate connectivity in a fragmented landscape Open
Significance Many plants and animals will need to move large distances to track preferred climates, but fragmentation and barriers limit their movements. We asked to what degree and where species will be able to track suitable climates. We…
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Partial connectivity increases cultural accumulation within groups Open
Significance The remarkable ecological success of the human species has been attributed to our capacity to overcome environmental challenges through the development of complex technologies. Complex technologies are typically beyond the inv…
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The Relationship between Habitat Loss and Fragmentation during Urbanization: An Empirical Evaluation from 16 World Cities Open
Urbanization results in habitat loss and habitat fragmentation concurrently, both influencing biodiversity and ecological processes. To evaluate these impacts, it is important to understand the relationships between habitat loss and habita…
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Sanger Tree of Life HMW DNA Fragmentation: Diagenode Megaruptor®3 for PacBio HiFi v1 Open
This protocol describes the fragmentation of HMW DNA from either the MagAttract v.1, Plant MagAttract v.1, or Plant MagAttract v.2 Sanger Tree of Life HMW DNA extraction protocols, using the Diagenode Megaruptor®3. This process is highly e…
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Review of experimental studies of secondary ice production Open
Secondary ice production (SIP) plays a key role in the formation of ice particles in tropospheric clouds. Future improvement of the accuracy of weather prediction and climate models relies on a proper description of SIP in numerical simula…
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Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Biological Molecules Open
The development of new ion-activation/dissociation methods continues to be one of the most active areas of mass spectrometry owing to the broad applications of tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and structural characterization …
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Ion identity molecular networking for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in the GNPS environment Open
Molecular networking connects mass spectra of molecules based on the similarity of their fragmentation patterns. However, during ionization, molecules commonly form multiple ion species with different fragmentation behavior. As a result, t…