Glutathione ≈ Glutathione
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First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid Open
The body encloses a complex antioxidant defence grid that relies on endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. These molecules collectively act against free radicals to resist their damaging effects to vital biomolecules and ulti…
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Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenases drives ferroptosis Open
Significance Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death induced by loss of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) phospholipid peroxidase activity and lethal accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Small-molecule inhibitors of GPX4 induce fer…
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Ferroptosis: machinery and regulation Open
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death caused by lipid peroxidation, which is controlled by integrated oxidation and antioxidant systems. The iron-containing enzyme lipoxygenase is the main promoter of…
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Antioxidant Activities of Quercetin and Its Complexes for Medicinal Application Open
Quercetin is a bioactive compound that is widely used in botanical medicine and traditional Chinese medicine due to its potent antioxidant activity. In recent years, antioxidant activities of quercetin have been studied extensively, includ…
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Regulation of Ascorbate-Glutathione Pathway in Mitigating Oxidative Damage in Plants under Abiotic Stress Open
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is a usual phenomenon in a plant both under a normal and stressed condition. However, under unfavorable or adverse conditions, ROS production exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant defense system. …
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Glutathione metabolism in cancer progression and treatment resistance Open
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant found in living organisms and has multiple functions, most of which maintain cellular redox homeostasis. GSH preserves sufficient levels of cysteine and detoxifies xenobiotics while also c…
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Nitric Oxide Ameliorates Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Phytotoxicity in Wheat Seedlings: Implication of the Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle Open
The present study investigates ameliorative effects of nitric oxide (NO) against zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) phytotoxicity in wheat seedlings. ZnONPs exposure hampered growth of wheat seedlings, which coincided with reduced photosynt…
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GTP Cyclohydrolase 1/Tetrahydrobiopterin Counteract Ferroptosis through Lipid Remodeling Open
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death linking iron, lipid, and glutathione levels to degenerative processes and tumor suppression. By performing a genome-wide activation screen, we identified a cohort of genes antag…
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The Significance of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defense System in Plants: A Concise Overview Open
In plants, there is a complex and multilevel network of the antioxidative system (AOS) operating to counteract harmful reactive species (RS), the foremost important of which are reactive oxygen species (ROS), and maintain homeostasis withi…
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Associated ROS Open
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a fascinating network of tubules through which secretory and transmembrane proteins enter unfolded and exit as either folded or misfolded proteins, after which they are directed either toward other organel…
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Protein oxidation and peroxidation Open
Proteins are major targets for radicals and two-electron oxidants in biological systems due to their abundance and high rate constants for reaction. With highly reactive radicals damage occurs at multiple side-chain and backbone sites. Les…
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Arsenic Uptake, Toxicity, Detoxification, and Speciation in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Aspects Open
Environmental contamination with arsenic (As) is a global environmental, agricultural and health issue due to the highly toxic and carcinogenic nature of As. Exposure of plants to As, even at very low concentration, can cause many morpholo…
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Recent Developments in Enzymatic Antioxidant Defence Mechanism in Plants with Special Reference to Abiotic Stress Open
The stationary life of plants has led to the evolution of a complex gridded antioxidant defence system constituting numerous enzymatic components, playing a crucial role in overcoming various stress conditions. Mainly, these plant enzymes …
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N-Acetylcysteine as an antioxidant and disulphide breaking agent: the reasons why Open
The main molecular mechanisms explaining the well-established antioxidant and reducing activity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the N-acetyl derivative of the natural amino acid l-cysteine, are summarised and critically reviewed. The antioxidan…
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Role of Glutathione in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapies Open
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol present at millimolar concentrations in mammalian tissues. As an important intracellular antioxidant, it acts as a regulator of cellular redox state protecting cells from damage caus…
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Ferroptosis: A Novel Anti-tumor Action for Cisplatin Open
Ferroptosis had great potential to become a new approach in anti-tumor therapies and make up for some classic drugs, which open up a new way for their utility in clinic.
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Oxidative stress, free radicals and antioxidants: potential crosstalk in the pathophysiology of human diseases Open
Introduction: Free radicals are reactive oxygen species that constantly circulate through the body and occur as a side effect of many reactions that take place in the human body. Under normal conditions, they are removed from the body by a…
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Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of zinc. Zinc-dependent NF-κB signaling Open
Zinc is a nutritionally fundamental trace element, essential to the structure and function of numerous macromolecules, including enzymes regulating cellular processes and cellular signaling pathways. The mineral modulates immune response a…
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Lipid Peroxidation and Iron Metabolism: Two Corner Stones in the Homeostasis Control of Ferroptosis Open
Regulated cell death (RCD) has a significant impact on development, tissue homeostasis, and the occurrence of various diseases. Among different forms of RCD, ferroptosis is considered as a type of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent re…
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GPx4, Lipid Peroxidation, and Cell Death: Discoveries, Rediscoveries, and Open Issues Open
Molecular events and mechanisms of ferroptosis to be unraveled and validated on animal models are GPx4 inactivation, role of GSH concentration, increased iron availability, and membrane structure and composition. This is expected to drive …
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Glutathione transferases: substrates, inihibitors and pro-drugs in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases Open
Glutathione transferase classical GSH conjugation activity plays a critical role in cellular detoxification against xenobiotics and noxious compounds as well as against oxidative stress. However, this feature is also exploited by cancer ce…
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A Smart Photosensitizer–Manganese Dioxide Nanosystem for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy by Reducing Glutathione Levels in Cancer Cells Open
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied in cancer treatment by utilizing reactive oxygen species to kill cancer cells. However, a high concentration of glutathione (GSH) is present in cancer cells and can consume reactive oxygen specie…
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Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update Open
Poultry in commercial settings are exposed to a range of stressors. A growing body of information clearly indicates that excess ROS/RNS production and oxidative stress are major detrimental consequences of the most common commercial stress…
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HSPA5 Regulates Ferroptotic Cell Death in Cancer Cells Open
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death driven by oxidative injury promoting lipid peroxidation, although detailed molecular regulators are largely unknown. Here, we show that heatshock 70-kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) negatively regulates f…
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An open source and reduce expenditure ROS generation strategy for chemodynamic/photodynamic synergistic therapy Open
The therapeutic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-involved cancer therapies is significantly limited by shortage of oxy-substrates, such as hypoxia in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and insufficient hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in chemod…
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Glutathione depletion induces ferroptosis, autophagy, and premature cell senescence in retinal pigment epithelial cells Open
Glutathione (GSH) protects against oxidative damage in many tissues, including retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Oxidative stress-mediated senescence and death of RPE and subsequent death of photoreceptors have been observed in age-related…
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Regulation of lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in diverse species Open
Lipid peroxidation is the process by which oxygen combines with lipids to generate lipid hydroperoxides via intermediate formation of peroxyl radicals. Vitamin E and coenzyme Q 10 react with peroxyl radicals to yield peroxides, and then th…
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Mechanisms of Ferroptosis and Relations With Regulated Cell Death: A Review Open
Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of nonapoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides. It is morphologically and biochemically different from known types of cell death. Ferroptosi…
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High Salinity Induces Different Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Responses in Maize Seedlings Organs Open
Salinity negatively affects plant growth and causes significant crop yield losses world-wide. Maize is an economically important cereal crop affected by high salinity. In this study, maize seedlings were subjected to 75 mM and 150 mM NaCl,…
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Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymes in Plant-Pathogen Interactions Open
Plant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous and multifunctional enzymes encoded by large gene families. A characteristic feature of GST genes is their high inducibility by a wide range of stress conditions including biotic stres…