Diencephalon ≈ Diencephalon
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The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Development, Function, and Human Diseases Open
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), located in the ventral diencephalon adjacent to the third ventricle, is a highly conserved brain region present in species from zebrafish to humans. The PVH is composed of three main t…
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Role of miRNA-9 in Brain Development Open
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small regulatory RNAs involved in gene regulation. The regulation is effected by either translational inhibition or transcriptional silencing. In vertebrates, the importance of miRNA in development was dis…
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Survey of Midbrain, Diencephalon, and Hypothalamus Neuroanatomic Terms Whose Prosomeric Definition Conflicts With Columnar Tradition Open
Recent neuroanatomic concepts and terms referring to the non-telencephalic forebrain are presented and discussed, in context with the present scenario in which the old columnar paradigm is being substituted by the prosomeric model, largely…
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Natural variation in brain gene expression profiles of aggressive and nonaggressive individual sticklebacks Open
Within many species, some individuals are consistently more aggressive than others. We examine whether there are differences in brain gene expression between aggressive versus nonaggressive behavioural types of individuals within a natural…
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Parallel Channels for Motion Feature Extraction in the Pretectum and Tectum of Larval Zebrafish Open
Non-cortical visual areas in vertebrate brains extract relevant stimulus features, such as motion, object size, and location, to support diverse behavioral tasks. The optic tectum and pretectum, two primary visual areas in zebrafish, are i…
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A detailed canine brain label map for neuroimaging analysis Open
Importantly, this label map is (a) considerably more detailed than any available dog brain template; (b) it is easy to use with freeware and commercial neuroimaging software for MRI and fMRI analysis; and (c) it can be registered to other …
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Optogenetic Activation of A11 Region Increases Motor Activity Open
Limbic brain regions drive goal-directed behaviors. These behaviors often require dynamic motor responses, but the functional connectome of limbic structures in the diencephalon that control locomotion is not well known. The A11 region, wi…
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Celsr3 and Fzd3 Organize a Pioneer Neuron Scaffold to Steer Growing Thalamocortical Axons Open
Celsr3 and Fzd3 regulate the development of reciprocal thalamocortical projections independently of their expression in cortical or thalamic neurons. To understand this cell non autonomous mechanism further, we tested whether Celsr3 and Fz…
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Canonical WNT Signaling Regulates the Pituitary Organizer and Pituitary Gland Formation Open
The pituitary organizer is a domain within the ventral diencephalon that expresses Bmp4, Fgf8, and Fgf10, which induce the formation of the pituitary precursor, Rathke's pouch, from the oral ectoderm. The WNT signaling pathway regulates th…
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Defining developmental diversification of diencephalon neurons through single cell gene expression profiling Open
The embryonic diencephalon forms integration centers and relay stations in the forebrain. Anecdotal expression studies suggest that the diencephalon contains multiple developmental compartments and subdivisions. Here, we utilized single ce…
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Serotonin Transporter Binding in the Diencephalon Is Reduced in Insulin-Resistant Obese Humans Open
Background: Altered brain dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways have been shown in obese rodents and humans, but it is unknown whether this is related to obesity per se or to the metabolic derangements associated with obesity. Methods: We…
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Variation in brain anatomy in frogs and its possible bearing on their locomotor ecology Open
Despite the long‐standing interest in the evolution of the brain, relatively little is known about variation in brain anatomy in frogs. Yet, frogs are ecologically diverse and, as such, variation in brain anatomy linked to differences in l…
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MR Imaging Diagnosis of Diencephalic-Mesencephalic Junction Dysplasia in Fetuses with Developmental Ventriculomegaly Open
SUMMARY: Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia is a rare malformation characterized by a poorly defined junction between the diencephalon and the mesencephalon, associated with a characteristic butterfly-like contour of the midbrai…
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The influence of body temperature on tissue stiffness, blood perfusion, and water diffusion in the mouse brain Open
While hypothermia of the brain is used to reduce neuronal damage in patients with conditions such as traumatic brain injury or stroke, little is known about how temperature affects the biophysical properties of in vivo brain tissue. Theref…
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Six3 regulates optic nerve development via multiple mechanisms Open
Malformations of the optic nerve lead to reduced vision or even blindness. During optic nerve development, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons navigate across the retina, exit the eye to the optic stalk (OS) and cross the diencephalon midlin…
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Neural Progenitor Cells Undergoing Yap/Tead-Mediated Enhanced Self-Renewal Form Heterotopias More Easily in the Diencephalon than in the Telencephalon Open
Spatiotemporally ordered production of cells is essential for brain development. Normally, most undifferentiated neural progenitor cells (NPCs) face the apical (ventricular) surface of embryonic brain walls. Pathological detachment of NPCs…
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Trajectory of hippocampal fibres to the contralateral anterior thalamus and mammillary bodies in rats, mice, and macaque monkeys Open
The routes by which the hippocampal formation projects bilaterally to the anterior thalamic nuclei and mammillary bodies were examined in the mouse, rat, and macaque monkey. Despite using different methods and different species, the princi…
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Neural origins of basal diencephalon in teleost fishes: Radial versus tangential migration Open
Teleost fish possess large lateral diencephalic regions such as the torus lateralis, the preglomerular area, and the diffuse nucleus of the hypothalamic inferior lobe. While their developmental origins traditionally were suggested to lie i…
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Amphioxus, motion detection, and the evolutionary origin of the vertebrate retinotectal map Open
The axonal projection from the retina to the optic tectum maps visual information isomorphically from one to the other and serves as a model for the development of sensory maps more generally in the vertebrate brain. How or why this connec…
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The Ontogeny and Brain Distribution Dynamics of the Appetite Regulators NPY, CART and pOX in Larval Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.) Open
Similar to many marine teleost species, Atlantic cod undergo remarkable physiological changes during the early life stages with concurrent and profound changes in feeding biology and ecology. In contrast to the digestive system, very littl…
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GABAergic modulation of olfactomotor transmission in lampreys Open
Odor-guided behaviors, including homing, predator avoidance, or food and mate searching, are ubiquitous in animals. It is only recently that the neural substrate underlying olfactomotor behaviors in vertebrates was uncovered in lampreys. I…
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Neuroprotective effect of dimethyl fumarate in stroke: The role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Open
Background: There is evidence that supports the neuroprotective effects of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in stroke. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. We investigated the ne…
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Tissue-Specific Actions of Pax6 on Proliferation and Differentiation Balance in Developing Forebrain Are Foxg1 Dependent Open
Differences in the growth and maturation of diverse forebrain tissues depend on region-specific transcriptional regulation. Individual transcription factors act simultaneously in multiple regions that develop very differently, raising ques…
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Prosomeric Hypothalamic Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Positive Cells in Adolescent Rats Open
Most of the studies on neurochemical mapping, connectivity, and physiology in the hypothalamic region were carried out in rats and under the columnar morphologic paradigm. According to the columnar model, the entire hypothalamic region lie…
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A diencephalic circuit in rats for opioid analgesia but not positive reinforcement Open
Mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists are potent analgesics, but also cause sedation, respiratory depression, and addiction risk. The epithalamic lateral habenula (LHb) signals aversive states including pain, and here we found that it is a pot…
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Widespread white matter connectivity abnormalities in narcolepsy type 1: A diffusion tensor imaging study Open
Narcolepsy type 1 is caused by a selective loss of hypothalamic hypocretin-producing neurons, resulting in severely disturbed sleep-wake control and cataplexy. Hypocretin-producing neurons project widely throughout the brain, influencing d…
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Regional Volume Decreases in the Brain of Pax6 Heterozygous Mutant Rats: MRI Deformation-Based Morphometry Open
Pax6 is a transcription factor that pleiotropically regulates various developmental processes in the central nervous system. In a previous study, we revealed that Pax6 heterozygous mutant (rSey2/+) adult rats exhibit abnormalities in socia…
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Heightened activation of embryonic megakaryocytes causes aneurysms in the developing brain of mice lacking podoplanin Open
During early embryonic development in mammals, including humans and mice, megakaryocytes (Mks) first originate from primitive hematopoiesis in the yolk sac. These embryonic Mks (eMks) circulate in the vasculature with unclear function. Her…
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Expression Patterns of PACAP and PAC1R Genes and Anorexigenic Action of PACAP1 and PACAP2 in Zebrafish Open
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with potent suppressive effects on feeding behavior in rodents, chicken, and goldfish. Teleost fish express two PACAPs (PACAP1, encoded by the adcyap1a gene, and …
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Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases Open
The hypothalamus is part of the diencephalon and has several nuclei, one of which is the arcuate nucleus. The arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARH) consists of neuroendocrine neurons and centrally-projecting neurons. The ARH is the center …