Lead exposure
View article: Control of Lead Sources in the United States, 1970-2017: Public Health Progress and Current Challenges to Eliminating Lead Exposure
Control of Lead Sources in the United States, 1970-2017: Public Health Progress and Current Challenges to Eliminating Lead Exposure Open
Context: During the past 45 years, exposure to lead has declined dramatically in the United States. This sustained decline is measured by blood and environmental lead levels and achieved through control of lead sources, emission reductions…
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Cognitive Impairment Induced by Lead Exposure during Lifespan: Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity Open
Lead (Pb) is considered a strong environmental toxin with human health repercussions. Due to its widespread use and the number of people potentially exposed to different sources of this heavy metal, Pb intoxication is recognized as a publi…
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Update of the Blood Lead Reference Value — United States, 2021 Open
The negative impact of lead exposure on young children and those who become pregnant is well documented but is not well known by those at highest risk from this hazard. Scientific evidence suggests that there is no known safe blood lead le…
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The Flint Water Crisis: A Coordinated Public Health Emergency Response and Recovery Initiative Open
Context: The City of Flint was already distressed because of decades of financial decline when an estimated 140 000 individuals were exposed to lead and other contaminants in drinking water. In April 2014, Flint's drinking water source was…
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Blood lead levels in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review Open
BackgroundSince the global phase-out of leaded petrol, reports have suggested that lead exposure remains substantial or is increasing in some low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, few studies have attempted to systematic…
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Global health burden and cost of lead exposure in children and adults: a health impact and economic modelling analysis Open
The Korea Green Growth Trust Fund and the World Bank's Pollution Management and Environmental Health Program.
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Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Children Ages 1–11 Years, 1976–2016 Open
Overall, BLLs in U.S. children ages 1-11 y have decreased substantially over the past 40 y. Despite these notable declines in population exposures to lead over time, higher GM BLLs are consistently associated with risk factors such as race…
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Half of US population exposed to adverse lead levels in early childhood Open
Lead is a developmental neurotoxicant in wide industrial use that was once broadly distributed in the environment. The extent of the US population exposed in early life to high levels of lead is unknown, as are the consequences for populat…
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Occupational and environmental exposure to lead and reproductive health impairment: An overview Open
Lead is a heavy metal. It is used in lead-acid battery, as a coloring agent, paints, and metal alloyed as shielding materials, smelters, printing press, and so on. It is a toxic metal affecting various organs, and developing fetus and youn…
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Stratification of population in NHANES 2009–2014 based on exposure pattern of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic and their association with cardiovascular, renal and respiratory outcomes Open
We proposed an unsupervised clustering method to stratify the population into high- and low-exposure groups based on the co-exposure of heavy metals. The high-exposure groups, characterized by higher metal concentrations, had significant h…
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Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan Open
Lead (Pb) in petrol has been banned in developed countries. Despite the control of Pb in petrol since 2001, high levels were reported in the blood of pregnant women and children in Pakistan. However, the identification of sources of Pb has…
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Do Low Levels of Blood Lead Reduce Children's Future Test Scores? Open
We construct a unique individual-level dataset linking preschool blood lead levels with third grade test scores for Rhode Island children born 1997–2005. Using two identification strategies, we show for the first time that reductions of le…
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Childhood Lead Exposure and Adult Neurodegenerative Disease Open
Millions of Americans now entering midlife and old age were exposed to high levels of lead, a neurotoxin, as children. Evidence from animal-model and human observational studies suggest that childhood lead exposure may raise the risk of ad…
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Potential Health Risks of Lead Exposure from Early Life through Later Life: Implications for Public Health Education Open
Lead (Pb) exposure has been a serious environmental and public health problem throughout the world over the years. The major sources of lead in the past were paint and gasoline before they were phased out due to its toxicity. Meanwhile, pe…
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Lead Exposure in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Perspectives and Lessons on Patterns, Injustices, Economics, and Politics Open
Lead exposure is a legacy issue that continues to affect vulnerable population groups globally, but particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICS). We take a multi-disciplinary approach to examine the patterns of lead exposure in …
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Children’s Lead Exposure: A Multimedia Modeling Analysis to Guide Public Health Decision-Making Open
This methodology advances scientific understanding of the relationship between lead concentrations in drinking water and BLLs in children. It can guide national health-based benchmarks for lead and related community public health decisions…
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A Case Study of Environmental Injustice: The Failure in Flint Open
The failure by the city of Flint, Michigan to properly treat its municipal water system after a change in the source of water, has resulted in elevated lead levels in the city’s water and an increase in city children’s blood lead levels. L…
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Impact of chronic lead exposure on liver and kidney function and haematologic parameters Open
Background Lead, one of the most widely used metals because of its beneficial physical properties, has been reported to adversely influence several different organs and organ systems. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect …
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Social and Built Environmental Correlates of Predicted Blood Lead Levels in the Flint Water Crisis Open
Objectives. To highlight contextual factors tied to increased blood lead level (BLL) risk following the lead-in-water contamination in Flint, Michigan. Methods. Using geocoded BLL data collected in 2013 and 2015 and areal interpolation, we…
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Declining exposures to lead and cadmium contribute to explaining the reduction of cardiovascular mortality in the US population, 1988–2004 Open
Environmental declines in lead and cadmium exposures were associated with reductions in cardiovascular mortality in US adults. Given the fact that lead and cadmium remain associated with cardiovascular disease at relatively low levels of e…
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POISONED DEVELOPMENT: ASSESSING CHILDHOOD LEAD EXPOSURE AS A CAUSE OF CRIME IN A BIRTH COHORT FOLLOWED THROUGH ADOLESCENCE Open
The consequences of lead exposure for later crime are theoretically compelling, but direct evidence from representative, longitudinal samples is sparse. By capitalizing on an original follow‐up of more than 200 infants from the birth cohor…
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Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water Open
Significance In the United States, 13% of households depend on an unregulated private well for their water. Compared with children in houses served by a regulated water utility, children in these homes have a 25% increased risk of elevated…
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Diabetes and Exposure to Environmental Lead (Pb) Open
Although the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes since the 1950s is thought to be primarily due to coincident alterations in lifestyle factors, another potential contributing factor in industrialized countries is exposure of the populat…
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Four phases of the Flint Water Crisis: Evidence from blood lead levels in children Open
The Flint Water Crisis (FWC) is divisible into four phases of child water-lead exposure risk: Phase A) before the switch in water source to the Flint River (our baseline); Phase B) after the switch in water source, but before boil water ad…
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Environmental Co-Exposure to Lead and Manganese and Intellectual Deficit in School-Aged Children Open
Studies have demonstrated that, for urban children, dust represents the main exposure to sources of metals like lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn). We aimed to investigate the exposure to these metals and their association with intellectual defi…
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The CDC blood lead reference value for children: time for a change Open
The purpose of this article is to consider alternate uses of the blood lead reference value for children. There are two possible approaches. Historically the reference value has been used to guide clinical and public interventions for indi…
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The Association between Lead and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review Open
The etiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is complex and multifactorial. Although the development of ADHD symptoms remains to be elucidated, in recent years, epigenetic processes have emerged as candidate mechanisms. …
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Neurodevelopment in Early Childhood Affected by Prenatal Lead Exposure and Iron Intake Open
No safe threshold level of lead exposure in children has been recognized. Also, the information on shielding effect of maternal dietary iron intake during pregnancy on the adverse effects of prenatal lead exposure on children's postnatal n…
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CDC's Lead Poisoning Prevention Program: A Long-standing Responsibility and Commitment to Protect Children From Lead Exposure Open
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (CLPPP) serves as the nation's public health leader and resource on strategies, policies, and practices aimed at preventing lead exposure …
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Environmental Exposures to Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium and Hearing Loss in Adults and Adolescents: KNHANES 2010–2012 Open
The results of the present study suggest that exposure to environmental lead and cadmium in adults and exposure to environmental cadmium in adolescents may play a role in the risk of hearing loss. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP565.