Distribution (mathematics) ≈ Distribution (mathematics)
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The biomass distribution on Earth Open
Significance The composition of the biosphere is a fundamental question in biology, yet a global quantitative account of the biomass of each taxon is still lacking. We assemble a census of the biomass of all kingdoms of life. This analysis…
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The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations Open
Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) microdata over the 1980–2010 period, we provide new empirical evidence on the extent of and trends in the gender wage gap, which declined considerably during this time. By 2010, conventional huma…
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WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Open
Increasingly, colleges across the world are contending with rising rates of mental disorders, and in many cases, the demand for services on campus far exceeds the available resources. The present study reports initial results from the firs…
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The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs* Open
We estimate the effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs using 138 prominent state-level minimum wage changes between 1979 and 2016 in the United States using a difference-in-differences approach. We first estimate the effect of the minimu…
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The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide Open
Numerous sources provide evidence of trends and patterns in average farm size and farmland distribution worldwide, but they often lack documentation, are in some cases out of date, and do not provide comprehensive global and comparative re…
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The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications* Open
We document the evolution of market power based on firm-level data for the U.S. economy since 1955. We measure both markups and profitability. In 1980, aggregate markups start to rise from 21% above marginal cost to 61% now. The increase i…
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A Baseline for Detecting Misclassified and Out-of-Distribution Examples in Neural Networks Open
We consider the two related problems of detecting if an example is misclassified or out-of-distribution. We present a simple baseline that utilizes probabilities from softmax distributions. Correctly classified examples tend to have greate…
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Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data * Open
This paper combines income tax returns with macroeconomic household balance sheets to estimate the distribution of wealth in the United States since 1913. We estimate wealth by capitalizing the incomes reported by individual taxpayers, acc…
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Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices Open
In principle, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security based on the laws of physics. In practice, however, the imperfections of realistic devices might introduce deviations from the idealized models used in secu…
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Aerosol and Surface Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Hospital Wards, Wuhan, China, 2020 Open
To determine distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards in Wuhan, China, we tested air and surface samples. Contamination was greater in intensive care units than general wards. Virus was widely distr…
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Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States* Open
This article combines tax, survey, and national accounts data to estimate the distribution of national income in the United States since 1913. Our distributional national accounts capture 100% of national income, allowing us to compute gro…
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The Concrete Distribution: A Continuous Relaxation of Discrete Random Variables Open
The reparameterization trick enables optimizing large scale stochastic computation graphs via gradient descent. The essence of the trick is to refactor each stochastic node into a differentiable function of its parameters and a random vari…
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Standards for distribution models in biodiversity assessments Open
Biodiversity assessments use a variety of data and models. We propose best-practice standards for studies in these assessments.
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Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Data Distribution Open
We introduce a new generative model where samples are produced via Langevin dynamics using gradients of the data distribution estimated with score matching. Because gradients can be ill-defined and hard to estimate when the data resides on…
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The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way Open
We present mass models of the Milky Way created to fit observational constraints and to be consistent with expectations from theoretical modelling. The method used to create these models is that demonstrated in our previous study, and we i…
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The State of the World's Mangrove Forests: Past, Present, and Future Open
Intertidal mangrove forests are a dynamic ecosystem experiencing rapid changes in extent and habitat quality over geological history, today and into the future. Climate and sea level have drastically altered mangrove distribution since the…
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution Open
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of fluorinated organic compounds of anthropogenic origin. Due to their unique chemical properties, widespread production, environmental distribution, long-term persistence, bioaccumul…
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Quantile Connectedness: Modeling Tail Behavior in the Topology of Financial Networks Open
We develop a new technique to estimate vector autoregressions with a common factor error structure by quantile regression. We apply our technique to study credit risk spillovers among a group of 17 sovereigns and their respective financial…
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The Geography of Complex Knowledge Open
There is consensus among scholars and policy makers that knowledge is one of the key drivers of long-run economic growth. It is also clear from the literature that not all knowledge has the same value. However, too often in economic geogra…
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Visual Domain Adaptation with Manifold Embedded Distribution Alignment Open
Visual domain adaptation aims to learn robust classifiers for the target domain by leveraging knowledge from a source domain. Existing methods either attempt to align the cross-domain distributions, or perform manifold subspace learning. H…
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Measuring the Effects of Non-Identical Data Distribution for Federated Visual Classification Open
Federated Learning enables visual models to be trained in a privacy-preserving way using real-world data from mobile devices. Given their distributed nature, the statistics of the data across these devices is likely to differ significantly…
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Transition towards Circular Economy in the Food System Open
Growing population and increased demand for food, inefficient resource use and food distribution, environmental impacts, and high rates of food wasted at all stages of the food system are all calling for transition towards more sustainable…
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Analytic Considerations and Design Basis for the IEEE Distribution Test Feeders Open
For nearly 20 years the Test Feeder Working Group of the Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee has been developing openly available distribution test feeders for use by researchers. The purpose of these test feeders is to provide model…
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A review of evidence about use and performance of species distribution modelling ensembles like BIOMOD Open
Aim The idea of combining predictions from different models into an ensemble has gained considerable popularity in species distribution modelling, partly due to free and comprehensive software such as the R package BIOMOD. However, despite…
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Mapping essential urban land use categories in China (EULUC-China): preliminary results for 2018 Open
Land use reflects human activities on land. Urban land use is the highest level human alteration on Earth, and it is rapidly changing due to population increase and urbanization. Urban areas have widespread effects on local hydrology, clim…
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Polystyrene nanoparticles: Sources, occurrence in the environment, distribution in tissues, accumulation and toxicity to various organisms Open
Civilization development is associated with the use of plastic. When plastic was introduced to the market, it was assumed that it was less toxic than glass. Recently, it is known that plastics are serious ecological problem they, do not de…
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nCTEQ15: Global analysis of nuclear parton distributions with uncertainties in the CTEQ framework Open
We present the new nCTEQ15 set of nuclear parton distribution functions with uncertainties. This fit extends the CTEQ proton PDFs to include the nuclear dependence using data on nuclei all the way up to 208Pb. The uncertainties are determi…
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Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Present-day ozone distribution and trends relevant to human health Open
This study quantifies the present-day global and regional distributions (2010–2014) and trends (2000–2014) for five ozone metrics relevant for short-term and long-term human exposure. These metrics, calculated by the Tropospheric Ozone Ass…
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Growth through Heterogeneous Innovations Open
Citation: Akcigit, Ufuk, and William R. Kerr. "Growth Through Heterogeneous Innovations." Journal of Political Economy 126, no. 4 (August 2018): 1374–1443. \nPublisher's link: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/697901 \nOther li…
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The Economic Implications of Housing Supply Open
In this essay, we review the basic economics of housing supply and the functioning of US housing markets to better understand the distribution of home prices, household wealth, and the spatial distribution of people across markets. We empl…