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Evaluation: from precision, recall and F-measure to ROC, informedness, markedness and correlation Open
Commonly used evaluation measures including Recall, Precision, F-Measure and Rand Accuracy are biased and should not be used without clear understanding of the biases, and corresponding identification of chance or base case levels of the s…
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Discovering governing equations from data by sparse identification of nonlinear dynamical systems Open
Significance Understanding dynamic constraints and balances in nature has facilitated rapid development of knowledge and enabled technology, including aircraft, combustion engines, satellites, and electrical power. This work develops a nov…
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Technological Innovation, Resource Allocation, and Growth* Open
We propose a new measure of the economic importance of each innovation. Our measure uses newly collected data on patents issued to U.S. firms in the 1926 to 2010 period, combined with the stock market response to news about patents. Our pa…
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A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research Open
Clinical research is necessary for an effective response to an emerging infectious disease outbreak. However, research efforts are often hastily organised and done using various research tools, with the result that pooling data across stud…
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Basics of meta‐analysis: <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity Open
When we speak about heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis, our intent is usually to understand the substantive implications of the heterogeneity. If an intervention yields a mean effect size of 50 points, we want to know if the effect size in d…
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Data-Driven Distributionally Robust Optimization Using the Wasserstein Metric: Performance Guarantees and Tractable Reformulations Open
We consider stochastic programs where the distribution of the uncertain parameters is only observable through a finite training dataset. Using the Wasserstein metric, we construct a ball in the space of (multivariate and non-discrete) prob…
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Improved protein structure prediction using predicted interresidue orientations Open
The prediction of interresidue contacts and distances from coevolutionary data using deep learning has considerably advanced protein structure prediction. Here, we build on these advances by developing a deep residual network for predictin…
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Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code Open
We introduce Codex, a GPT language model fine-tuned on publicly available code from GitHub, and study its Python code-writing capabilities. A distinct production version of Codex powers GitHub Copilot. On HumanEval, a new evaluation set we…
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Enhanced-alignment Measure for Binary Foreground Map Evaluation Open
The existing binary foreground map (FM) measures address various types of errors in either pixel-wise or structural ways. These measures consider pixel-level match or image-level information independently, while cognitive vision studies ha…
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MOT16: A Benchmark for Multi-Object Tracking Open
Standardized benchmarks are crucial for the majority of computer vision applications. Although leaderboards and ranking tables should not be over-claimed, benchmarks often provide the most objective measure of performance and are therefore…
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The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing Open
In the book Flourish (2011), Seligman defined wellbeing in terms of five pillars: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment, or PERMA.We developed the PERMA-Profiler as a brief measure of PERMA.We first compi…
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The International Trauma Questionnaire: development of a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD Open
Objective The purpose of this study was to finalize the development of the International Trauma Questionnaire ( ITQ ), a self‐report diagnostic measure of post‐traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and complex PTSD ( CPTSD ), as defined in th…
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SF-36 total score as a single measure of health-related quality of life: Scoping review Open
According to the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire developers, a global measure of health-related quality of life such as the “SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score” cannot be generated from the questionnaire. However, studies keep…
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A new metric of absolute percentage error for intermittent demand forecasts Open
The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is one of the most widely used measures of forecast accuracy, due to its advantages of scale-independency and interpretability. However, MAPE has the significant disadvantage that it produces infin…
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Size, shape, and form: concepts of allometry in geometric morphometrics Open
Allometry refers to the size-related changes of morphological traits and remains an essential concept for the study of evolution and development. This review is the first systematic comparison of allometric methods in the context of geomet…
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A combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) method for multi-criteria decision-making problems Open
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the advantage of a combinatory methodology presented in this study. The paper suggests that the comparison with results of previously developed methods is in high agreement. Design/methodolog…
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Use of the Instantaneous Wave-free Ratio or Fractional Flow Reserve in PCI Open
Coronary revascularization guided by iFR was noninferior to revascularization guided by FFR with respect to the risk of major adverse cardiac events at 1 year. The rate of adverse procedural signs and symptoms was lower and the procedural …
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TextBoxes++: A Single-Shot Oriented Scene Text Detector Open
Scene text detection is an important step of scene text recognition system and also a challenging problem. Different from general object detection, the main challenges of scene text detection lie on arbitrary orientations, small sizes, and…
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Multiscale structural similarity for image quality assessment Open
The structural similarity image quality paradigm is based on the assumption that the human visual system is highly adapted for extracting structural information from the scene, and therefore a measure of structural similarity can provide a…
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The Perception-Distortion Tradeoff Open
Image restoration algorithms are typically evaluated by some distortion measure (e.g. PSNR, SSIM, IFC, VIF) or by human opinion scores that quantify perceived perceptual quality. In this paper, we prove mathematically that distortion and p…
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Understanding the roles of nonstructural carbohydrates in forest trees – from what we can measure to what we want to know Open
Summary Carbohydrates provide the building blocks for plant structures as well as versatile resources for metabolic processes. The nonstructural carbohydrates ( NSC ), mainly sugars and starch, fulfil distinct functional roles, including t…
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Construction of a Benchmark for the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) Open
Questionnaires are a cheap and highly efficient tool for achieving a quantitative measure of a product’s user experience (UX). However, it is not always easy to decide, if a questionnaire result can really show whether a product satisfies …
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Richer Convolutional Features for Edge Detection Open
Edge detection is a fundamental problem in computer vision. Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have pushed forward this field significantly. Existing methods which adopt specific layers of deep CNNs may fail to capture complex …
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Defining an Optimal Cut-Point Value in ROC Analysis: An Alternative Approach Open
ROC curve analysis is often applied to measure the diagnostic accuracy of a biomarker. The analysis results in two gains: diagnostic accuracy of the biomarker and the optimal cut-point value. There are many methods proposed in the literatu…
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Cluster Quality Analysis Using Silhouette Score Open
Clustering is an important phase in data mining. Selecting the number of clusters in a clustering algorithm, e.g. choosing the best value of k in the various k-means algorithms [1], can be difficult. We studied the use of silhouette scores…
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The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale: a tool to measure functional status over time after COVID-19 Open
An ordinal tool is proposed to measure the full spectrum of functional outcomes following COVID-19. This “Post-COVID-19 Functional Status (PCFS) scale” can be used for tracking functional status over time as well as for research purposes. …
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Validating quantum computers using randomized model circuits Open
We introduce a single-number metric, quantum volume, that can be measured using a concrete protocol on near-term quantum computers of modest size ($n\lesssim 50$), and measure it on several state-of-the-art transmon devices, finding values…
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Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas Instrumen Penelitian Kuantitatif Open
The research instrument is a tool used to collect data or measure objects of a research variable. To obtain the correct data for the conclusion that is in accordance with the actual situation, then required a valid instrument and consisten…
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How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal Open
There is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initi…
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Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Mentalizing: The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire Open
Reflective functioning or mentalizing is the capacity to interpret both the self and others in terms of internal mental states such as feelings, wishes, goals, desires, and attitudes. This paper is part of a series of papers outlining the …