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Oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in the mouse juvenile and adult central nervous system Open
One size does not fit all Oligodendrocytes are best known for their ability to myelinate brain neurons, thus increasing the speed of signal transmission. Marques et al. surveyed oligodendrocytes of developing mice and found unexpected hete…
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The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves Open
Nerve injury triggers the conversion of myelin and non‐myelin (Remak) Schwann cells to a cell phenotype specialized to promote repair. Distal to damage, these repair Schwann cells provide the necessary signals and spatial cues for the surv…
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Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response Open
Microglia represent a specialized population of macrophages-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) considered immune sentinels that are capable of orchestrating a potent inflammatory response. Microglia are also involved in synapti…
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Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology Open
Oligodendrocytes generate multiple layers of myelin membrane around axons of the central nervous system to enable fast and efficient nerve conduction. Until recently, saltatory nerve conduction was considered the only purpose of myelin, bu…
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Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond Open
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult…
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Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic mechanisms to treatment Open
During the past decades, better understanding of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis disease mechanisms have led to the development of several disease-modifying therapies, reducing relapse rates and severity, through immune system modul…
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A Diet Mimicking Fasting Promotes Regeneration and Reduces Autoimmunity and Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Open
Dietary interventions have not been effective in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we show that periodic 3-day cycles of a fasting mimicking diet (FMD) are effective in ameliorating demyelination and symptoms in a murine expe…
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Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation Open
COVID survivors frequently experience lingering neurological symptoms that resemble cancer-therapy-related cognitive impairment, a syndrome for which white matter microglial reactivity and consequent neural dysregulation is central. Here, …
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Slow expansion of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions: pathology and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging Open
In multiple sclerosis (MS), iron accumulates inside activated microglia/macrophages at edges of some chronic demyelinated lesions, forming rims. In susceptibility-based magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T, iron-laden microglia/macrophages in…
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Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair Open
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Myelination of axons allows rapid saltatory conduction of nerve impulses and contributes to axonal integrity. Devastating neurological deficits caused by demyelinatin…
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Mechanisms of Schwann cell plasticity involved in peripheral nerve repair after injury Open
The great plasticity of Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), is a critical feature in the context of peripheral nerve regeneration following traumatic injuries and peripheral neuropathies. After…
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Oligodendrocyte precursor cells present antigen and are cytotoxic targets in inflammatory demyelination Open
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are abundant in the adult central nervous system, and have the capacity to regenerate oligodendrocytes and myelin. However, in inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remyelination is of…
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Leukodystrophies: a proposed classification system based on pathological changes and pathogenetic mechanisms Open
Leukodystrophies are genetically determined disorders characterized by the selective involvement of the central nervous system white matter. Onset may be at any age, from prenatal life to senescence. Many leukodystrophies are degenerative …
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Myelin dysfunction drives amyloid-β deposition in models of Alzheimer’s disease Open
The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, increases rapidly with age, but why age constitutes the main risk factor is still poorly understood. Brain ageing affects oligodendrocytes and the structural integri…
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Myelin Fat Facts: An Overview of Lipids and Fatty Acid Metabolism Open
Myelin is critical for the proper function of the nervous system and one of the most complex cell–cell interactions of the body. Myelination allows for the rapid conduction of action potentials along axonal fibers and provides physical and…
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The pathology of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease accompanying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody Open
We sought to define the pathological features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disorders (MOGAD) in an archival autopsy/biopsy cohort. We histopathologically analyzed 2 autopsies and 22 brain biopsies from p…
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TREM2 activation on microglia promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis Open
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) triggered by autoimmune mechanisms. Microglia are critical for the clearance of myelin debris in areas of demyelin…
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Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and Muscle Reinnervation Open
Injured peripheral nerves but not central nerves have the capacity to regenerate and reinnervate their target organs. After the two most severe peripheral nerve injuries of six types, crush and transection injuries, nerve fibers distal to …
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Lipopolysaccharide Associates with Amyloid Plaques, Neurons and Oligodendrocytes in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain: A Review Open
This review proposes that lipopolysaccharide (LPS, found in the wall of all Gram-negative bacteria) could play a role in causing sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is based in part upon recent studies showing that: Gram-negative E. co…
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Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: from basic science to clinical translation Open
The treatment of multiple sclerosis has been transformed by the successful development of immunotherapies that efficiently reduce disease activity and related clinical relapses during the relapsing-remitting phase of the disease. However, …
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Oligodendroglia: metabolic supporters of neurons Open
Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that populate the entire CNS after they have differentiated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. From birth onward, oligodendrocytes initiate wrapping of neuronal axons with a multilamellar lipid structur…
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A Systematic Relationship Between Functional Connectivity and Intracortical Myelin in the Human Cerebral Cortex Open
Research in the macaque monkey suggests that cortical areas with similar microstructure are more likely to be connected. Here, we examine this link in the human cerebral cortex using 2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures: quantitativ…
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Accelerated remyelination during inflammatory demyelination prevents axonal loss and improves functional recovery Open
Demyelination in MS disrupts nerve signals and contributes to axon degeneration. While remyelination promises to restore lost function, it remains unclear whether remyelination will prevent axonal loss. Inflammatory demyelination is accomp…
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Node of Ranvier length as a potential regulator of myelinated axon conduction speed Open
Myelination speeds conduction of the nerve impulse, enhancing cognitive power. Changes of white matter structure contribute to learning, and are often assumed to reflect an altered number of myelin wraps. We now show that, in rat optic ner…
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A large fraction of neocortical myelin ensheathes axons of local inhibitory neurons Open
Myelin is best known for its role in increasing the conduction velocity and metabolic efficiency of long-range excitatory axons. Accordingly, the myelin observed in neocortical gray matter is thought to mostly ensheath excitatory axons con…
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Magnetic Resonance of Myelin Water: An <i>in vivo</i> Marker for Myelin Open
Myelin is critical for healthy brain function. An accurate in vivo measure of myelin content has important implications for understanding brain plasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. Myelin water imaging is a magnetic resonance imaging…
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Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: an immunopathological study Open
Conformation-sensitive antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are detectable in patients with optic neuritis, myelitis, opticomyelitis, acute or multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM/MDEM) and brainstem/cer…
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Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica Open
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), having distinct immunological and pathological features. They have two pathogenic components, 'inflammation' …
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After Nerve Injury, Lineage Tracing Shows That Myelin and Remak Schwann Cells Elongate Extensively and Branch to Form Repair Schwann Cells, Which Shorten Radically on Remyelination Open
There is consensus that, distal to peripheral nerve injury, myelin and Remak cells reorganize to form cellular columns, Bungner's bands, which are indispensable for regeneration. However, knowledge of the structure of these regeneration tr…
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Myelin Plasticity and Nervous System Function Open
Structural plasticity in the myelinated infrastructure of the nervous system has come to light. Although an innate program of myelin development proceeds independent of nervous system activity, a second mode of myelination exists in which …