Neurogenesis ≈ NeurogenesisNeurogenesis
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Neurotrophic Factor BDNF, Physiological Functions and Therapeutic Potential in Depression, Neurodegeneration and Brain Cancer Open
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most distributed and extensively studied neurotrophins in the mammalian brain. BDNF signals through the tropomycin receptor kinase B (TrkB) and the low affinity p75 neurotrophin recept…
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Combined adult neurogenesis and BDNF mimic exercise effects on cognition in an Alzheimer’s mouse model Open
Adult neurogenesis and Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology destroys neurons and synapses in the brain, leading to dementia. The brain generates new neurons throughout life in the hippocampus, a process called adult hippo…
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Div-Seq: Single-nucleus RNA-Seq reveals dynamics of rare adult newborn neurons Open
Visualizing gene expression in nuclei Gene expression can vary greatly within a single cell. Using techniques that they developed for sequencing single nuclei and labeling proliferating cells in vivo, Habib et al. performed RNA sequencing …
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Growing up in a Bubble: Using Germ-Free Animals to Assess the Influence of the Gut Microbiota on Brain and Behavior Open
There is a growing recognition of the importance of the commensal intestinal microbiota in the development and later function of the central nervous system. Research using germ-free mice (mice raised without any exposure to microorganisms)…
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Exosome Mediated Delivery of miR-124 Promotes Neurogenesis after Ischemia Open
The intrinsic ability of neurogenesis after stroke has been proven weak, which results in insufficient repair of injury in the nerve system. Recent studies suggest multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the neuroremodeling process. Ta…
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The Adult Ventricular–Subventricular Zone (V-SVZ) and Olfactory Bulb (OB) Neurogenesis Open
A large population of neural stem/precursor cells (NSCs) persists in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) located in the walls of the lateral brain ventricles. V-SVZ NSCs produce large numbers of neuroblasts that migrate a long dist…
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Human-Specific NOTCH2NL Genes Affect Notch Signaling and Cortical Neurogenesis Open
Genetic changes causing brain size expansion in human evolution have remained elusive. Notch signaling is essential for radial glia stem cell proliferation and is a determinant of neuronal number in the mammalian cortex. We find that three…
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MicroRNA-17–92 Cluster in Exosomes Enhance Neuroplasticity and Functional Recovery After Stroke in Rats Open
Background and Purpose— Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) harvested exosomes are hypothesized as the major paracrine effectors of MSCs. In vitro, the miR-17–92 cluster promotes oligodendrogenesis, neurogenesis, and axonal outgrowt…
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Obesity-Induced Cellular Senescence Drives Anxiety and Impairs Neurogenesis Open
Cellular senescence entails a stable cell-cycle arrest and a pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype, which contributes to aging and age-related diseases. Obesity is associated with increased senescent cell burden and neuropsychiatric disorde…
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The Indispensable Roles of Microglia and Astrocytes during Brain Development Open
Glia are essential for brain functioning during development and in the adult brain. Here, we discuss the various roles of both microglia and astrocytes, and their interactions during brain development. Although both cells are fundamentally…
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Exercise-Mediated Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus via BDNF Open
Exercise is known to have numerous neuroprotective and cognitive benefits, especially pertaining to memory and learning related processes. One potential link connecting them is exercise-mediated hippocampal neurogenesis, in which new neuro…
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Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation Open
COVID survivors frequently experience lingering neurological symptoms that resemble cancer-therapy-related cognitive impairment, a syndrome for which white matter microglial reactivity and consequent neural dysregulation is central. Here, …
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Blood factors transfer beneficial effects of exercise on neurogenesis and cognition to the aged brain Open
Plasma transfers exercise benefit in mice Exercise has a broad range of beneficial healthful effects. Horowitz et al. tested whether the beneficial effects of exercise on neurogenesis in the brain and improved cognition in aged mice could …
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Gene regulatory networks controlling vertebrate retinal regeneration Open
Unlocking retinal regeneration in mice Zebrafish can regenerate damaged retinal tissue, but mice cannot. Hoang et al. found that tracking changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility upon injury revealed clues as to why retinal g…
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Single-cell atlas of early human brain development highlights heterogeneity of human neuroepithelial cells and early radial glia Open
The human cortex comprises diverse cell types that emerge from an initially uniform neuroepithelium that gives rise to radial glia, the neural stem cells of the cortex. To characterize the earliest stages of human brain development, we per…
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Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis Open
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are essential for modulating neurogenesis, influencing synaptic remodeling, and regulating neuroinflammation by surveying the brain microenvironment. Microglial dysfunction has been implic…
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N6-methyladenosine RNA modification regulates embryonic neural stem cell self-renewal through histone modifications Open
Internal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is widespread in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and is catalyzed by heterodimers of methyltransferase-like protein 3 (Mettl3) and Mettl14. To understand the role of m6A in development, we deleted Mett…
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Derivation of Human Midbrain-Specific Organoids from Neuroepithelial Stem Cells Open
Research on human brain development and neurological diseases is limited by the lack of advanced experimental in vitro models that truly recapitulate the complexity of the human brain. Here, we describe a robust human brain organoid system…
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Self-Organized Cerebral Organoids with Human-Specific Features Predict Effective Drugs to Combat Zika Virus Infection Open
The human cerebral cortex possesses distinct structural and functional features that are not found in the lower species traditionally used to model brain development and disease. Accordingly, considerable attention has been placed on the d…
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Intranasal MSC-derived A1-exosomes ease inflammation, and prevent abnormal neurogenesis and memory dysfunction after status epilepticus Open
Significance This study demonstrated that intranasal (IN) administration of A1-exosomes alleviates multiple adverse changes that typically emerge after status epilepticus (SE), a medical crisis that presents a high propensity to evolve int…
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Molecular pathways of major depressive disorder converge on the synapse Open
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disease of still poorly understood molecular etiology. Extensive studies at different molecular levels point to a high complexity of numerous interrelated pathways as the underpinnings of de…
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Astrocytes, neurons, synapses: a tripartite view on cortical circuit development Open
In the mammalian cerebral cortex neurons are arranged in specific layers and form connections both within the cortex and with other brain regions, thus forming a complex mesh of specialized synaptic connections comprising distinct circuits…
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Neural basis of major depressive disorder: Beyond monoamine hypothesis Open
The monoamine hypothesis has been accepted as the most common hypothesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) for a long period because of its simplicity and understandability. Actually, most currently used antidepressants have been consider…
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Ythdf2-mediated m6A mRNA clearance modulates neural development in mice Open
We show that the m6A reader protein Ythdf2 modulates neural development by promoting m6A-dependent degradation of neural development-related mRNA targets.
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2D and 3D Stem Cell Models of Primate Cortical Development Identify Species-Specific Differences in Progenitor Behavior Contributing to Brain Size Open
Variation in cerebral cortex size and complexity is thought to contribute to differences in cognitive ability between humans and other animals. Here we compare cortical progenitor cell output in humans and three nonhuman primates using dir…
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Replacement of microglia in the aged brain reverses cognitive, synaptic, and neuronal deficits in mice Open
Microglia, the resident immune cell of the brain, can be eliminated via pharmacological inhibition of the colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Withdrawal of CSF1R inhibition then stimulates microglial repopulation, effectively rep…
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Vascularized human cortical organoids (vOrganoids) model cortical development in vivo Open
Modeling the processes of neuronal progenitor proliferation and differentiation to produce mature cortical neuron subtypes is essential for the study of human brain development and the search for potential cell therapies. We demonstrated a…
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Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein regulates adult neurogenesis Open
Fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is a member of the Fe (II)- and oxoglutarate-dependent AlkB dioxygenase family and is linked to both obesity and intellectual disability. The role of FTO in neurodevelopment and neurogenesis, howe…
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Mitochondria and Mood: Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Key Player in the Manifestation of Depression Open
Human and animal studies suggest an intriguing link between mitochondrial diseases and depression. Although depression has historically been linked to alterations in monoaminergic pharmacology and adult hippocampal neurogenesis, new data i…
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Astrocytes: Role and Functions in Brain Pathologies Open
Astrocytes are a population of cells with distinctive morphological and functional characteristics that differ within specific areas of the brain. Postnatally, astrocyte progenitors migrate to reach their brain area and related properties.…