Heavy ion
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Features of Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) version 3.02 Open
We have upgraded many features of the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) and released the new version as PHITS3.02. The accuracy and the applicable energy ranges of the code were greatly improved and extended, respectivel…
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Heavy Ion Collisions: The Big Picture and the Big Questions Open
Heavy ion collisions quickly form a droplet of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) with a remarkably small viscosity. We give an accessible introduction to how to study this smallest and hottest droplet of liquid made on Earth and why it is so intere…
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Bulk properties of the medium produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions from the beam energy scan program Open
We present measurements of bulk properties of the matter produced in Au+Au collisions at $\\sqrt{s}$$_ {NN}$= 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, and 39 GeV using identified hadrons (π±, K±, p, and $\\bar{p}$) from the STAR experiment in the Beam Energy …
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Event-by-event fluctuations in a perturbative QCD + saturation + hydrodynamics model: Determining QCD matter shear viscosity in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions Open
We introduce an event-by-event perturbative-QCD + saturation + hydro ("EKRT") framework for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, where we compute the produced fluctuating QCD-matter energy densities from next-to-leading-order perturbati…
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Particle production and equilibrium properties within a new hadron transport approach for heavy-ion collisions Open
The microscopic description of heavy-ion reactions at low beam energies is\nachieved within hadronic transport approaches. In this article a new approach\nSMASH (Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons) is introduced\nand …
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Electromagnetic fields and anomalous transports in heavy-ion collisions—a pedagogical review Open
The hot and dense matter generated in heavy-ion collisions may contain domains which are not invariant under P and CP transformations. Moreover, heavy-ion collisions can generate extremely strong magnetic fields as well as electric fields.…
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Recent improvements of the particle and heavy ion transport code system – PHITS version 3.33 Open
The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) is a general-purpose Monte Carlo radiation transport code that can simulate the behavior of most particle species with energies up to 1 TeV (per nucleon for ions). Its new version, P…
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Rotating quark-gluon plasma in relativistic heavy-ion collisions Open
We study the rotational collective motion of the quark-gluon plasma in\nrelativistic heavy ion collisions using the widely-adopted AMPT (A Multi-Phase\nTransport) model. The global angular momentum, the average vorticity carried by\nthe qu…
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SEU characterization of commercial and custom-designed SRAMs based on 90 nm technology and below Open
The R2E project at CERN has tested a few commercial SRAMs and a custom-designed SRAM, whose data are complementary to various scientific publications. The experimental data include low- and high-energy protons, heavy ions, thermal, interme…
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Vorticity in heavy-ion collisions Open
We study the event-by-event generation of flow vorticity in RHIC Au + Au collisions and LHC Pb + Pb collisions by using the HIJING model. Different definitions of the vorticity field and velocity field are considered. A variety of properti…
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Jet measurements in heavy ion physics Open
A hot, dense medium called a quark gluon plasma (QGP) is created in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. Early in the collision, hard parton scatterings generate high momentum partons that traverse the medium, which then fragment into s…
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Collective Longitudinal Polarization in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at Very High Energy Open
We study the polarization of particles in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at very high energy along the beam direction within a relativistic hydrodynamic framework. We show that this component of the polarization decreases much slower wi…
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Bayesian analysis of heavy ion collisions with the heavy ion computational framework Trajectum Open
We introduce a model for heavy ion collisions named TRAJECTUM, which includes an expanded initial stage with a variable free streaming velocity vfs and a hydrodynamic stage with three varying second order transport coefficients. We describ…
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Quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions: An open quantum system approach Open
We address the evolution of heavy-quarkonium states in an expanding\nquark-gluon plasma by implementing effective field theory techniques in the\nframework of open quantum systems. In this setting we compute the nuclear\nmodification facto…
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Lattice QCD and heavy ion collisions: a review of recent progress Open
In the last few years, numerical simulations of Quantum chromodynamics on the lattice have reached a new level of accuracy. A wide range of thermodynamic quantities is now available in the continuum limit and for physical quark masses. Thi…
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Carbon Ion Radiotherapy: A Review of Clinical Experiences and Preclinical Research, with an Emphasis on DNA Damage/Repair Open
Compared to conventional photon-based external beam radiation (PhXRT), carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) has superior dose distribution, higher linear energy transfer (LET), and a higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE). This enhanced …
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Open heavy flavor in QCD matter and in nuclear collisions Open
We review the experimental and theoretical status of open heavy-flavor (HF) production in high-energy nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC. We first overview the theoretical concepts and pertinent calculations of HF transport in QCD matter, …
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Net-baryon diffusion in fluid-dynamic simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions Open
A hybrid (hydrodynamics + hadronic transport) theoretical framework is\nassembled to model the bulk dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions at\nenergies accessible in the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic\nHeavy-Ion …
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Matching the Nonequilibrium Initial Stage of Heavy Ion Collisions to Hydrodynamics with QCD Kinetic Theory Open
High-energy nuclear collisions produce a nonequilibrium plasma of quarks and gluons which thermalizes and exhibits hydrodynamic flow. There are currently no practical frameworks to connect the early particle production in classical field s…
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Evidence of Spin-Orbital Angular Momentum Interactions in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions Open
The first evidence of spin alignment of vector mesons (K^{*0} and ϕ) in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is reported. The spin density matrix element ρ_{00} is measured at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) in Pb-Pb collisions at…
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Global polarization in high energy collisions Open
With a Yang-Mills flux-tube initial state and a high-resolution (3+1)D particle-in-cell relativistic (PICR) hydrodynamics simulation, we calculate the Λ polarization for different energies. The origination of polarization in high energy co…
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Transverse Momentum Differential Global Analysis of Heavy-Ion Collisions Open
The understanding of heavy ion collisions and its quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation requires a complicated interplay of rich physics in a wealth of experimental data. In this work we compare for identified particles the transverse momentu…
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Running the gamut of high energy nuclear collisions Open
We present calculations of bulk properties and multiparticle correlations in a large variety of collision systems within a hybrid formalism consisting of IP-Glasma initial conditions, Music viscous relativistic hydrodynamics, and UrQMD mic…
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hyperon polarization in relativistic heavy ion collisions from a chiral kinetic approach Open
Based on the chiral kinetic approach using initial conditions from a multiphase transport model, we study the spin polarizations of quarks and antiquarks in non-central heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Because o…
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Phenomenological Review on Quark–Gluon Plasma: Concepts vs. Observations Open
In this review, we present an up-to-date phenomenological summary of research developments in the physics of the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP). A short historical perspective and theoretical motivation for this rapidly developing field of conte…
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Color screening and regeneration of bottomonia in high-energy heavy-ion collisions Open
The production of ground-state and excited bottomonia in ultrarelativistic\nheavy-ion collisions is investigated within a kinetic-rate equation approach\nincluding regeneration. We augment our previous calculations by an improved\ntreatmen…
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Data-driven analysis for the temperature and momentum dependence of the heavy-quark diffusion coefficient in relativistic heavy-ion collisions Open
By applying a Bayesian model-to-data analysis, we estimate the temperature and momentum dependence of the heavy quark diffusion coefficient in an improved Langevin framework. The posterior range of the diffusion coefficient is obtained by …
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Equation of state at finite densities for QCD matter in nuclear collisions Open
We construct the QCD equation of state at finite chemical potentials including net baryon, electric charge, and strangeness, based on the conserved charge susceptibilities determined from lattice QCD simulations and the equation of state o…
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Transport Model Comparison Studies of Intermediate-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions Open
Transport models are the main method to obtain physics information from low to relativistic-energy heavy-ion collisions. The Transport Model Evaluation Project (TMEP) has been pursued to test the robustness of transport model predictions i…
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Hadronization and Charm-Hadron Ratios in Heavy-Ion Collisions Open
Understanding the hadronization of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) remains a challenging problem in the study of strong-interaction matter as produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions (URHICs). The large mass of heavy quarks renders …