Cytosol ≈ Cytosol
View article: The Cytosolic DNA-Sensing cGAS–STING Pathway in Cancer
The Cytosolic DNA-Sensing cGAS–STING Pathway in Cancer Open
The recognition of DNA as an immune-stimulatory molecule is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to initiate rapid innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. The cGAS–STING pathway was discovered as an important DNA-sensing mach…
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Plant Salinity Stress: Many Unanswered Questions Remain Open
Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. Here, we not only review recent advances in salinity stress research in plants but also revisit some basic perennial questio…
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Mitochondrial Machineries for Protein Import and Assembly Open
Mitochondria are essential organelles with numerous functions in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Most of the >1,000 different mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors in the cytosol and are imported into mitochondria by fi…
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The Role of Na+ and K+ Transporters in Salt Stress Adaptation in Glycophytes Open
Ionic stress is one of the most important components of salinity and is brought about by excess Na+ accumulation, especially in the aerial parts of plants. Since Na+ interferes with K+ homeostasis, and especially given its involvement in n…
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Lysosomal metabolomics reveals V-ATPase- and mTOR-dependent regulation of amino acid efflux from lysosomes Open
Regulated lysosomal efflux of amino acids A new technique allows rapid purification of lysosomes and metabolic profiling by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Abu-Remaileh et al. engineered cultured human cells to produce a prote…
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Regulation of Na+ and K+ homeostasis in plants: towards improved salt stress tolerance in crop plants Open
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that results in considerable crop yield losses worldwide. However, some plant genotypes show a high tolerance to soil salinity, as they manage to maintain a high K+/Na+ ratio in the cytosol, in contr…
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Calcium—Nutrient and Messenger Open
Calcium is an essential element needed for growth and development of plants under both non-stressed and stress conditions. It thereby fulfills a dual function, being not only an important factor for cell wall and membrane stability, but al…
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Noncanonical inflammasome signaling elicits gasdermin D–dependent neutrophil extracellular traps Open
Neutrophils form gasdermin D pores and expel antimicrobial neutrophil extracellular traps to defend against cytosolic bacteria.
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Class effects of SGLT2 inhibitors in mouse cardiomyocytes and hearts: inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger, lowering of cytosolic Na+ and vasodilation Open
EMPA, DAPA and CANA directly inhibit cardiac NHE flux and reduce [Na+]c, possibly by binding with the Na+-binding site of NHE-1. Furthermore, EMPA and CANA affect the healthy heart by inducing vasodilation. The [Na+]c-lowering class effect…
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The Endosomal Escape of Nanoparticles: Toward More Efficient Cellular Delivery Open
Many emerging therapies rely on the delivery of biological cargo into the cytosol. Nanoparticle delivery systems hold great potential to deliver these therapeutics but are hindered by entrapment and subsequent degradation in acidic compart…
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Autophagy: machinery and regulation Open
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation process that targets cytoplasmic materials including cytosol, macromolecules and unwanted organelles. The discovery and analysis of autophagy-related (Atg) protei…
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Direct Cytosolic Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9-Ribonucleoprotein for Efficient Gene Editing Open
Genome editing through the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9-ribonucleoprotein (Cas9-RNP) reduces unwanted gene targeting and avoids integrational mutagenesis that can occur through gene delivery strategies. Direct and efficient delivery of Cas9-RNP…
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Endocytosis of Extracellular Vesicles and Release of Their Cargo from Endosomes Open
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, can mediate long-distance communication between cells by delivering biomolecular cargo. It is speculated that EVs undergo back-fusion at multivesicular bodies (MVBs) in recipient cells to rel…
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Apoplastic ROS signaling in plant immunity Open
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely produced in different cellular compartments under both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. ROS play a central role in plant signaling and regulate diverse cellular processes. Recent advances are s…
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NETosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Role in Physiology and Pathology Open
NETosis is a program for formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which consist of modified chromatin decorated with bactericidal proteins from granules and cytoplasm. Various pathogens, antibodies and immune complexes, cytokine…
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The Hippo Pathway Effector TAZ Regulates Ferroptosis in Renal Cell Carcinoma Open
Despite recent advances, the poor outcomes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) suggest novel therapeutics are needed. Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death, which may have therapeutic potential toward RCC; however, much remains unknown a…
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S100 Proteins As an Important Regulator of Macrophage Inflammation Open
The S100 proteins, a family of calcium-binding cytosolic proteins, have a broad range of intracellular and extracellular functions through regulating calcium balance, cell apoptosis, migration, proliferation, differentiation, energy metabo…
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Responses of Plant Proteins to Heavy Metal Stress—A Review Open
Plants respond to environmental pollutants such as heavy metal(s) by triggering the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in stress response. Toxic metal ions profoundly affect the cellular protein homeostasis by interfering wi…
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Neutrophil P2X7 receptors mediate NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β secretion in response to ATP Open
Although extracellular ATP is abundant at sites of inflammation, its role in activating inflammasome signalling in neutrophils is not well characterized. In the current study, we demonstrate that human and murine neutrophils express functi…
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Proteomic mapping of cytosol-facing outer mitochondrial and ER membranes in living human cells by proximity biotinylation Open
The cytosol-facing membranes of cellular organelles contain proteins that enable signal transduction, regulation of morphology and trafficking, protein import and export, and other specialized processes. Discovery of these proteins by trad…
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Ammonium as a signal for physiological and morphological responses in plants Open
Ammonium is a major inorganic nitrogen source for plants. At low external supplies, ammonium promotes plant growth, while at high external supplies it causes toxicity. Ammonium triggers rapid changes in cytosolic pH, in gene expression, an…
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Biomedical applications of copper-free click chemistry: <i>in vitro</i>, <i>in vivo</i>, and <i>ex vivo</i> Open
Copper-free click chemistry has resulted in a change of paradigm, showing that artificial chemical reactions can occur on cell surfaces, in cell cytosol, or within the body. It has emerged as a valuable tool in biomedical fields.
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A boronic acid–rich dendrimer with robust and unprecedented efficiency for cytosolic protein delivery and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing Open
We report the rational design of a polymer with unprecedented and robust efficiency for cytosolic delivery of native proteins.
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A molecular assembly phase transition and kinetic proofreading modulate Ras activation by SOS Open
Organized for action It is becoming increasingly clear that biomolecular condensates, which are concentrations of macromolecules not surrounded by a membrane, are a key organizational structure in eukaryotic cells (see the Perspective by M…
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Oxidative stress and calcium dysregulation by palmitate in type 2 diabetes Open
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are important substrates for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and ATP synthesis but also cause serious stress to various tissues, contributing to the development of metabolic diseases. CD36 is a major mediator of …
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The Gasdermin‐D pore acts as a conduit for IL‐1β secretion in mice Open
The pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β is well known for its role in host defense and the initiation of potent inflammatory responses. It is processed from its inactive pro‐form by the inflammatory caspase‐1 into its mature bioactive form, wh…
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Structural and Mechanistic Insights into Protein Translocation Open
Many proteins are translocated across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in eukaryotes or the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. These proteins use hydrophobic signal sequences or transmembrane (TM) segments to trigger their translocatio…
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Beclin 1 Phosphorylation – at the Center of Autophagy Regulation Open
Autophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic process wherein cells under stress sequester cytosolic constituents like damaged proteins and organelles in double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes degrade their cargo b…
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Metabolism Open
Metabolism consists of a series of reactions that occur within cells of living organisms to sustain life. The process of metabolism involves many interconnected cellular pathways to ultimately provide cells with the energy required to carr…
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INF2-mediated actin polymerization at the ER stimulates mitochondrial calcium uptake, inner membrane constriction, and division Open
Mitochondrial division requires division of both the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes (IMM and OMM, respectively). Interaction with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) promotes OMM division by recruitment of the dynamin Drp1, but effects on …