Photon counting
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Photon-counting CT: Technical Principles and Clinical Prospects Open
Photon-counting CT is an emerging technology with the potential to dramatically change clinical CT. Photon-counting CT uses new energy-resolving x-ray detectors, with mechanisms that differ substantially from those of conventional energy-i…
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First Clinical Photon-counting Detector CT System: Technical Evaluation Open
Background The first clinical CT system to use photon-counting detector (PCD) technology has become available for patient care. Purpose To assess the technical performance of the PCD CT system with use of phantoms and representative partic…
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Photon-counting Detector CT: System Design and Clinical Applications of an Emerging Technology Open
Photon-counting detector (PCD) CT is an emerging technology that has shown tremendous progress in the last decade. Various types of PCD CT systems have been developed to investigate the benefits of this technology, which include reduced el…
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Single-photon three-dimensional imaging at up to 10 kilometers range Open
Depth and intensity profiling of targets at a range of up to 10 km is demonstrated using time-of-flight time-correlated single-photon counting technique. The system comprised a pulsed laser source at 1550 nm wavelength, a monostatic scanni…
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Photon-efficient imaging with a single-photon camera Open
Reconstructing a scene’s 3D structure and reflectivity accurately with an active imaging system operating in low-light-level conditions has wide-ranging applications, spanning biological imaging to remote sensing. Here we propose and exper…
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On-demand generation of background-free single photons from a solid-state source Open
True on-demand high-repetition-rate single-photon sources are highly sought after for quantum information processing applications. However, any coherently driven two-level quantum system suffers from a finite re-excitation probability unde…
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Human Imaging With Photon Counting–Based Computed Tomography at Clinical Dose Levels Open
Objectives The purpose of this work was to measure and compare the iodine contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between a commercial energy-integrating detector (EID) computed tomography (CT) system and a photon-counting detector (PCD) CT scanner …
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Photon-counting x-ray detectors for CT Open
The introduction of photon-counting detectors is expected to be the next major breakthrough in clinical x-ray computed tomography (CT). During the last decade, there has been considerable research activity in the field of photon-counting C…
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New frontiers in time-domain diffuse optics, a review Open
The recent developments in time-domain diffuse optics that rely on physical concepts (e.g., time-gating and null distance) and advanced photonic components (e.g., vertical cavity source-emitting laser as light sources, single photon avalan…
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Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for on-chip quantum and spectral photonic application Open
With use of the travelling-wave geometry approach, integrated superconductor-nanophotonic devices based on silicon nitride nanophotonic waveguide with a superconducting NbN-nanowire suited on top of the waveguide were fabricated. NbN-nanow…
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Evaluation of conventional imaging performance in a research whole-body CT system with a photon-counting detector array Open
This study evaluated the conventional imaging performance of a research whole-body photon-counting CT system and investigated its feasibility for imaging using clinically realistic levels of x-ray photon flux. This research system was buil…
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A 30-frames/s, $252\times144$ SPAD Flash LiDAR With 1728 Dual-Clock 48.8-ps TDCs, and Pixel-Wise Integrated Histogramming Open
A 252 x 144 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) pixel sensor, called Ocelot, is reported for light detection and ranging (LiDAR). The sensor, fabricated in the 180-nm CMOS technology, features 1728 12-bit time-to-digital converters (TDCs)…
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The silicon photomultiplier: fundamentals and applications of a modern solid-state photon detector Open
The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is an established device of choice for a variety of applications, e.g. in time of flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET), lifetime fluorescence spectroscopy, distance measurements in LIDAR applicat…
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Photon‐counting CT for simultaneous imaging of multiple contrast agents in the abdomen: An <i>in vivo</i> study Open
Purpose To demonstrate the feasibility of spectral imaging using photon‐counting detector (PCD) x‐ray computed tomography (CT) for simultaneous material decomposition of three contrast agents in vivo in a large animal model. Methods This I…
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Ultra-High-Resolution Coronary CT Angiography With Photon-Counting Detector CT Open
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and quality of ultra-high-resolution coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with dual-source photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) in patients with a high coronary ca…
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Kilopixel array of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors Open
We present a 1024-element near-infrared imaging array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) using a 32×32 row-column multiplexing architecture. The array has an active area of 0.96 × 0.96 mm, making it the largest SN…
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Photon-Counting Detector CT: Key Points Radiologists Should Know Open
Photon-counting detector (PCD) CT is a new CT technology utilizing a direct conversion X-ray detector, where incident X-ray photon energies are directly recorded as electronical signals. The design of the photon-counting detector itself fa…
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Technical Basics and Clinical Benefits of Photon-Counting CT Open
Novel photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) has the potential to address the limitations of previous CT systems, such as insufficient spatial resolution, limited accuracy in detecting small low-contrast structures, or missing routine availa…
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Photon Counting CT: Clinical Applications and Future Developments Open
The use of a photon counting detector in CT (PCD CT) is currently the subject of intense investigation and development. In this review article, we will describe potential clinical applications of this technology with a particular focus on …
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Highly indistinguishable on-demand resonance fluorescence photons from a deterministic quantum dot micropillar device with 74% extraction efficiency Open
The implementation and engineering of bright and coherent solid state quantum light sources is key for the realization of both on chip and remote quantum networks. Despite tremendous efforts for more than 15 years, the combination of these…
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Three-dimensional single-photon imaging through obscurants Open
We investigate the depth imaging of objects through various densities of different obscurants (water fog, glycol-based vapor, and incendiary smoke) using a time-correlated single-photon detection system which had an operating wavelength of…
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Single-photon detection for long-range imaging and sensing Open
Single-photon detectors with picosecond timing resolution have advanced rapidly in the past decade. This has spurred progress in time-correlated single-photon counting applications, from quantum optics to life sciences and remote sensing. …
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Timepix4, a large area pixel detector readout chip which can be tiled on 4 sides providing sub-200 ps timestamp binning Open
Timepix4 is a 24.7 × 30.0 mm 2 hybrid pixel detector readout ASIC which has been designed to permit detector tiling on 4 sides. It consists of 448 × 512 pixels which can be bump bonded to a sensor with square pixels at a pitch of 55 µm. Li…
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Broadband on-chip single-photon spectrometer Open
Single-photon counters are single-pixel binary devices that click upon the absorption of a photon but obscure its spectral information, whereas resolving the color of detected photons has been in critical demand for frontier astronomical o…
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Dose-efficient ultrahigh-resolution scan mode using a photon counting detector computed tomography system Open
An ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) data collection mode was enabled on a whole-body, research photon counting detector (PCD) computed tomography system. In this mode, 64 rows of [Formula: see text] detector pixels were used, which corresponded …
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Direct Characterization of Ultrafast Energy-Time Entangled Photon Pairs Open
Energy-time entangled photons are critical in many quantum optical phenomena and have emerged as important elements in quantum information protocols. Entanglement in this degree of freedom often manifests itself on ultrafast time scales, m…
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Photon-Counting CT Open
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate computed tomography (CT) imaging characteristics of coronary stents using a novel photon-counting detector (PCD) in comparison with a conventional energy-integrating detector (EID). Material…
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Evaluation of spectral photon counting computed tomography K-edge imaging for determination of gold nanoparticle biodistribution <i>in vivo</i> Open
A new spectral photon-counting CT prototype has the potential for non-invasive quantitative determination of gold nanoparticle biodistribution in vivo over time.
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A $192\times128$ Time Correlated SPAD Image Sensor in 40-nm CMOS Technology Open
A 192 × 128 pixel single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) time-resolved single photon counting (TCSPC) image sensor is implemented in STMicroelectronics 40-nm CMOS technology. The 13% fill factor, 18.4 μm × 9.2 μm pixel contains a 33-ps resol…
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Spectral performance of a whole-body research photon counting detector CT: quantitative accuracy in derived image sets Open
Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) uses a photon counting detector to count individual photons and allocate them to specific energy bins by comparing photon energy to preset thresholds. This enables simultaneous multi-energy CT wit…