Fight-or-flight response ≈ Fight-or-flight response
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Regulation of the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenocortical Stress Response Open
The hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) axis is required for stress adaptation. Activation of the HPA axis causes secretion of glucocorticoids, which act on multiple organ systems to redirect energy resources to meet real or anticip…
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Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production Open
In the growth condition(s) of plants, numerous secondary metabolites (SMs) are produced by them to serve variety of cellular functions essential for physiological processes, and recent increasing evidences have implicated stress and defens…
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Transcription Factors and Plants Response to Drought Stress: Current Understanding and Future Directions Open
Increasing vulnerability of plants to a variety of stresses such as drought, salt and extreme temperatures poses a global threat to sustained growth and productivity of major crops. Of these stresses, drought represents a considerable thre…
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Drought and Salinity Stress Responses and Microbe-Induced Tolerance in Plants Open
Drought and salinity are among the most important environmental factors that hampered agricultural productivity worldwide. Both stresses can induce several morphological, physiological, biochemical, and metabolic alterations through variou…
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Drought or/and Heat-Stress Effects on Seed Filling in Food Crops: Impacts on Functional Biochemistry, Seed Yields, and Nutritional Quality Open
Drought (water deficits) and heat (high temperatures) stress are the prime abiotic constraints, under the current and climate change scenario in future. Any further increase in the occurrence, and extremity of these stresses, either indivi…
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Structure and Molecular Mechanism of ER Stress Signaling by the Unfolded Protein Response Signal Activator IRE1 Open
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important site for protein folding and maturation in eukaryotes. The cellular requirement to synthesize proteins within the ER is matched by its folding capacity. However, the physiological demands or a…
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Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Photosystem II as a Response to Light and Temperature Stress Open
The effect of various abiotic stresses on photosynthetic apparatus is inevitably associated with formation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, recent progress on ROS production by photosystem II (PSII) as a response t…
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Sensitivity and Responses of Chloroplasts to Heat Stress in Plants Open
Increased temperatures caused by global warming threaten agricultural production, as warmer conditions can inhibit plant growth and development or even destroy crops in extreme circumstances. Extensive research over the past several decade…
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Plant Abiotic Stress Proteomics: The Major Factors Determining Alterations in Cellular Proteome Open
HIGHLIGHTS: Major environmental and genetic factors determining stress-related protein abundance are discussed.Major aspects of protein biological function including protein isoforms and PTMs, cellular localization and protein interactions…
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Measuring cortisol, the major stress hormone in fishes Open
Stress in teleosts is an increasingly studied topic because of its interaction with growth, reproduction, immune system and ultimately fitness of the animal. Whether it is for evaluating welfare in aquaculture, adaptive capacities in fish …
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Glucocorticoids and “Stress” Are Not Synonymous Open
Synopsis Reference to glucocorticoids as “stress hormones” has been growing in prevalence in the literature, including in comparative and environmental endocrinology. Although glucocorticoids are elevated in response to a variety of stress…
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Transcriptional Factors Regulate Plant Stress Responses Through Mediating Secondary Metabolism Open
Plants are adapted to sense numerous stress stimuli and mount efficient defense responses by directing intricate signaling pathways. They respond to undesirable circumstances to produce stress-inducible phytochemicals that play indispensab…
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Root Response to Drought Stress in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Open
The current unpredictable climate changes are causing frequent and severe droughts. Such circumstances emphasize the need to understand the response of plants to drought stress, especially in rice, one of the most important grain crops. Kn…
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Diverse Physiological Roles of Flavonoids in Plant Environmental Stress Responses and Tolerance Open
Flavonoids are characterized as the low molecular weight polyphenolic compounds universally distributed in planta. They are a chemically varied group of secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological activity. The increasing amount…
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The metabolic response to drought Open
Metabolic regulation is one of the main mechanisms involved in the maintenance of cell osmotic potential under abiotic stress. To date, metabolite profiling approaches have been extensively used to characterize the molecular responses to a…
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Stress-induced flowering: the third category of flowering response Open
The switch from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, i.e. flowering, is the critical event in a plant's life. Flowering is regulated either autonomously or by environmental factors; photoperiodic flowering, which is regulated by the d…
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Stress Memory and the Inevitable Effects of Drought: A Physiological Perspective Open
Plants grow and develop by adjusting their physiology to changes in their environment. Changes in the abiotic environment occur over years, seasons, and days, but also over minutes and even seconds. In this ever-changing environment, plant…
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Prenatal Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Developmental Programming of the Stress Response Open
The early environment has a major impact on the developing embryo, fetus, and infant. Parental adversity (maternal and paternal) and glucocorticoid exposure before conception and during pregnancy have profound effects on the development an…
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A 100-Year Review: Stress physiology including heat stress Open
Stress is an external event or condition that places a strain on a biological system. The animal response to a stress involves the expenditure of energy to remove or reduce the impact of the stress. This increases maintenance requirements …
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The Role of Heavy Metals in Plant Response to Biotic Stress Open
The present review discusses the impact of heavy metals on the growth of plants at different concentrations, paying particular attention to the hormesis effect. Within the past decade, study of the hormesis phenomenon has generated conside…
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Plants’ Response to Abiotic Stress: Mechanisms and Strategies Open
Abiotic stress is the adverse effect of any abiotic factor on a plant in a given environment, impacting plants’ growth and development. These stress factors, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, are often interrelated or in…
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The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response Open
The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effecto…
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PhasiRNAs in Plants: Their Biogenesis, Genic Sources, and Roles in Stress Responses, Development, and Reproduction Open
Phased secondary small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs) constitute a major category of small RNAs in plants, but most of their functions are still poorly defined. Some phasiRNAs, known as trans-acting siRNAs, are known to target complementary …
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Understanding the relationships between physiological and psychosocial stress, cortisol and cognition Open
Stress is viewed as a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis, the management of which involves the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. These systems work independently and interactively as part of the stress response. The sci…
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Heat stress during flowering in cereals – effects and adaptation strategies Open
Summary Heat stress during flowering has differential impact on male and female reproductive organ viability leading to yield losses in field crops. Unlike flooded rice, dryland cereals such as sorghum, pearl millet and wheat have optimise…
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Non-Coding RNAs and Their Roles in Stress Response in Plants Open
Eukaryotic genomes encode thousands of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which play crucial roles in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Accumulating evidence indicates that ncRNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNAs)…
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The plant cell wall integrity maintenance and immune signaling systems cooperate to control stress responses in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Open
Cell wall integrity and immune signaling systems cooperatively mediate responses to cell wall damage in the model plant Arabidopsis .
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Generalized Unsafety Theory of Stress: Unsafe Environments and Conditions, and the Default Stress Response Open
Prolonged physiological stress responses form an important risk factor for disease. According to neurobiological and evolution-theoretical insights the stress response is a default response that is always “on” but inhibited by the prefront…
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Plant Defense Responses to Biotic Stress and Its Interplay With Fluctuating Dark/Light Conditions Open
Plants are subjected to a plethora of environmental cues that cause extreme losses to crop productivity. Due to fluctuating environmental conditions, plants encounter difficulties in attaining full genetic potential for growth and reproduc…
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The Arabidopsis Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs) and Their Roles in Plant Growth Regulation and Abiotic Stress Responses Open
As a ubiquitous secondary messenger in plant signaling systems, calcium ions (Ca2+) play essential roles in plant growth and development. Within the cellular signaling network, the accurate decoding of diverse Ca2+ signal is a fundamental …