Proxy (statistics) ≈ Proxy (statistics)
View article: Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations
Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations Open
Racial bias in health algorithms The U.S. health care system uses commercial algorithms to guide health decisions. Obermeyer et al. find evidence of racial bias in one widely used algorithm, such that Black patients assigned the same level…
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Technological Innovation, Resource Allocation, and Growth* Open
We propose a new measure of the economic importance of each innovation. Our measure uses newly collected data on patents issued to U.S. firms in the 1926 to 2010 period, combined with the stock market response to news about patents. Our pa…
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Behind the Scenes: The Corporate Governance Preferences of Institutional Investors Open
We survey institutional investors to better understand their role in the corporate governance of firms. Consistent with a number of theories, we document widespread behind‐the‐scenes intervention as well as governance‐motivated exit. These…
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1 km monthly temperature and precipitation dataset for China from 1901 to 2017 Open
High-spatial-resolution and long-term climate data are highly desirable for understanding climate-related natural processes. China covers a large area with a low density of weather stations in some (e.g., mountainous) regions. This study d…
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Large Scale Population Assessment of Physical Activity Using Wrist Worn Accelerometers: The UK Biobank Study Open
BACKGROUND: Physical activity has not been objectively measured in prospective cohorts with sufficiently large numbers to reliably detect associations with multiple health outcomes. Technological advances now make this possible. We describ…
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Delirium in Older Persons Open
Advances in diagnosis can improve recognition and risk stratification of delirium. Prevention of delirium using nonpharmacologic approaches is documented to be effective, while pharmacologic prevention and treatment of delirium remains con…
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Historic global biomass burning emissions for CMIP6 (BB4CMIP) based on merging satellite observations with proxies and fire models (1750–2015) Open
Fires have influenced atmospheric composition and climate since the rise of vascular plants, and satellite data have shown the overall global extent of fires. Our knowledge of historic fire emissions has progressively improved over the pas…
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Using design thinking to improve psychological interventions: The case of the growth mindset during the transition to high school. Open
There are many promising psychological interventions on the horizon, but there is no clear methodology for preparing them to be scaled up. Drawing on design thinking, the present research formalizes a methodology for redesigning and tailor…
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Sex Differences in Physician Salary in US Public Medical Schools Open
Among physicians with faculty appointments at 24 US public medical schools, significant sex differences in salary exist even after accounting for age, experience, specialty, faculty rank, and measures of research productivity and clinical …
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Global GRACE Data Assimilation for Groundwater and Drought Monitoring: Advances and Challenges Open
The scarcity of groundwater storage change data at the global scale hinders our ability to monitor groundwater resources effectively. In this study, we assimilate a state‐of‐the‐art terrestrial water storage product derived from Gravity Re…
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What is the Expected Return on the Market?* Open
I derive a lower bound on the equity premium in terms of a volatility index, SVIX, that can be calculated from index option prices. The bound implies that the equity premium is extremely volatile and that it rose above 20% at the height of…
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Water potential regulation, stomatal behaviour and hydraulic transport under drought: deconstructing the iso/anisohydric concept Open
In this review, we address the relationship between stomatal behaviour, water potential regulation and hydraulic transport in plants, focusing on the implications for the iso/anisohydric classification of plant drought responses at seasona…
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Measurements of POI-based mixed use and their relationships with neighbourhood vibrancy Open
Although mixed use is an emerging strategy that has been widely accepted in urban planning for promoting neighbourhood vibrancy, there is no consensus on how to quantitatively measure the mix and the effects of mixed use on neighbourhood v…
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A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era Open
Reproducible climate reconstructions of the Common Era (1 CE to present) are key to placing industrial-era warming into the context of natural climatic variability. Here we present a community-sourced database of temperature-sensitive prox…
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Is Decoupling GDP Growth from Environmental Impact Possible? Open
The argument that human society can decouple economic growth-defined as growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP)-from growth in environmental impacts is appealing. If such decoupling is possible, it means that GDP growth is a sustainable soc…
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Institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth in Europe Open
Institutions have a decisive impact on the prevalence and nature of entrepreneurship. To date, the impact of institutions on (productive) entrepreneurship and the effects of entrepreneurship on economic growth have largely been investigate…
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Study on the Relationship between CSR and Financial Performance Open
This study analyzed whether a systematic relationship exists between corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and corporate financial performance using 191 sample firms listed on the Korea Exchange. The Korea Economic Justice Inst…
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A history of solar activity over millennia Open
Presented here is a review of present knowledge of the long-term behavior of solar activity on a multi-millennial timescale, as reconstructed using the indirect proxy method. The concept of solar activity is discussed along with an overvie…
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What Are the Best Liquidity Proxies for Global Research? Open
Liquidity plays an important role in global research. We identify high-quality liquidity proxies based on low-frequency (daily) data, which provide 1,000× to 10,000× computational savings compared to computing high-frequency (intraday) liq…
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CEO Personal Risk-Taking and Corporate Policies Open
This study analyzes the relation between chief executive officer (CEO) personal risk-taking, corporate risk-taking, and total firm risk. We find evidence that CEOs who possess private pilot licenses (our proxy for personal risk-taking) are…
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European summer temperatures since Roman times Open
The spatial context is criticalwhen assessing present-day climate anomalies, attributing them to potential forcings and making statements regarding their frequency and severity in a long-term perspective. Recent international initiatives h…
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Transgender-inclusive measures of sex/gender for population surveys: Mixed-methods evaluation and recommendations Open
Given that an estimated 0.6% of the U.S. population is transgender (trans) and that large health disparities for this population have been documented, government and research organizations are increasingly expanding measures of sex/gender …
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Transfer Learning from Deep Features for Remote Sensing and Poverty Mapping Open
The lack of reliable data in developing countries is a major obstacle to sustainable development, food security, and disaster relief. Poverty data, for example, is typically scarce, sparse in coverage, and labor-intensive to obtain. Remote…
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A brief, patient- and proxy-reported outcome measure in advanced illness: Validity, reliability and responsiveness of the Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale (IPOS) Open
Background: Few measures capture the complex symptoms and concerns of those receiving palliative care. Aim: To validate the Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale, a measure underpinned by extensive psychometric development, by evaluatin…
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An evaluation of ERA5 precipitation for climate monitoring Open
A key aim of climate monitoring is to place the current conditions of climate variables, such as surface air temperature and precipitation, in their historical context. In Europe, a leading provider of this information is the Copernicus Cl…
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Exploring the impact of sustainability (ESG) disclosure on firm value and financial performance (FP) in airline industry: the moderating role of size and age Open
This study aims at exploring the impact of ESG scores on the value and FP of firms in the airline industry. The potential moderating role of firm size and age has also been studied in an effort to disentangle their relationships in this co…
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Can AI Help Reduce Disparities in General Medical and Mental Health Care? Open
This analysis can provide a framework for assessing and identifying disparate impacts of artificial intelligence in health care.
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Learning Confidence for Out-of-Distribution Detection in Neural Networks Open
Modern neural networks are very powerful predictive models, but they are often incapable of recognizing when their predictions may be wrong. Closely related to this is the task of out-of-distribution detection, where a network must determi…
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Multidecadal increase in plastic particles in coastal ocean sediments Open
Microplastics in ocean sediments increased exponentially from 1945 to 2009, serving as a geological proxy for the Anthropocene.
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Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period Open
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process agreed in Paris to limit global surface temperature rise to “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.” But what period is preindustrial? Somewhat remarkably, thi…