Radiative forcing ≈ Radiative forcing
View article: The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017
The Global Methane Budget 2000-2017 Open
Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most import…
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The shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions to 2500 Open
Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are the main driver of current and future climate change. The integrated assessment community has quantified anthropogenic emissions for the shared socio-economic pathway…
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UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model Open
We document the development of the first version of the U.K. Earth System Model UKESM1. The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with enhancements to all component models and new feedback mechanisms. These includ…
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The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 7.0/7.1 and JULES Global Land 7.0 configurations Open
We describe Global Atmosphere 7.0 and Global Land 7.0 (GA7.0/GL7.0), the latest science configurations of the Met Office Unified Model (UM) and the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model developed for use across wea…
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Recent advances in understanding secondary organic aerosol: Implications for global climate forcing Open
Anthropogenic emissions and land use changes have modified atmospheric aerosol concentrations and size distributions over time. Understanding preindustrial conditions and changes in organic aerosol due to anthropogenic activities is import…
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Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing Open
New calculations of the radiative forcing (RF) are presented for the three main well‐mixed greenhouse gases, methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. Methane's RF is particularly impacted because of the inclusion of the shortwave forcin…
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Global emissions pathways under different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: a dataset of harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century Open
We present a suite of nine scenarios of future emissions trajectories of anthropogenic sources, a key deliverable of the ScenarioMIP experiment within CMIP6. Integrated assessment model results for 14 different emissions species and 13 emi…
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Description and basic evaluation of simulated mean state, internal variability, and climate sensitivity in MIROC6 Open
The sixth version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC), called MIROC6, was cooperatively developed by a Japanese modeling community. In the present paper, simulated mean climate, internal climate variability, and …
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Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change Open
Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic a…
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Evaluation of CNRM Earth System Model, CNRM‐ESM2‐1: Role of Earth System Processes in Present‐Day and Future Climate Open
This study introduces CNRM‐ESM2‐1, the Earth system (ES) model of second generation developed by CNRM‐CERFACS for the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). CNRM‐ESM2‐1 offers a higher model complexity than the A…
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The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Overview and Evaluation at Standard Resolution Open
This work documents the first version of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) new Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). We focus on the standard resolution of the fully coupled physical model designed to address DOE mission‐relevant …
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The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations (version 2.0.1) Open
libRadtran is a widely used software package for radiative transfer calculations. It allows one to compute (polarized) radiances, irradiance, and actinic fluxes in the solar and thermal spectral regions. libRadtran has been used for variou…
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Markedly enhanced absorption and direct radiative forcing of black carbon under polluted urban environments Open
Significance Although black carbon (BC) represents a key short-lived climate forcer, its direct radiative forcing remains highly uncertain. The available results from available studies of absorption enhancement of BC particles during atmos…
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Climate model projections from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) of CMIP6 Open
The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) defines and coordinates the main set of future climate projections, based on concentration-driven simulations, within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). This …
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GISS‐E2.1: Configurations and Climatology Open
This paper describes the GISS‐E2.1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) chiefly due to parameterization improvements to the atmospheric …
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SSP3: AIM implementation of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Open
This study quantifies the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) using AIM/CGE (Asia-Pacific Integrated Assessment/Computable General Equilibrium). SSP3 (regional rivalry) forms the main focus of the study, which is supposed to face high cha…
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Advances in understanding large‐scale responses of the water cycle to climate change Open
Globally, thermodynamics explains an increase in atmospheric water vapor with warming of around 7%/°C near to the surface. In contrast, global precipitation and evaporation are constrained by the Earth's energy balance to increase at ∼2–3%…
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The Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP v1.0)contribution to CMIP6 Open
Detection and attribution (D&A) simulations were important components of CMIP5 and underpinned the climate change detection and attribution assessments of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The pr…
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Solar forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2) Open
This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely total solar irradiance (TSI), solar spectral irradiance (SSI)…
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Reconstructions of the 1900–2015 Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance using the regional climate MAR model Open
With the aim of studying the recent Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) decrease relative to the last century, we have forced the regional climate MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional; version 3.5.2) model with the ERA-Inte…
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Role of atmospheric oxidation in recent methane growth Open
Significance Methane, the second most important greenhouse gas, has varied markedly in its atmospheric growth rate. The cause of these fluctuations remains poorly understood. Recent efforts to determine the drivers of the pause in growth i…
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A decade of global volcanic SO2 emissions measured from space Open
The global flux of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emitted by passive volcanic degassing is a key parameter that constrains the fluxes of other volcanic gases (including carbon dioxide, CO 2 ) and toxic trace metals (e.g., mercury). It is also a re…
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Review of the global models used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) Open
We present an overview of state-of-the-art chemistry–climate and chemistry transport models that are used within phase 1 of the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). The CCMI aims to conduct a detailed evaluation of participating mo…
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Projected Change in Temperature and Precipitation Over Africa from CMIP6 Open
We analyze data of 27 global climate models from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), and examine projected changes in temperature and precipitation over the African continent during the twenty-first centur…
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Remote Sensing of Droplet Number Concentration in Warm Clouds: A Review of the Current State of Knowledge and Perspectives Open
The cloud droplet number concentration ( N d ) is of central interest to improve the understanding of cloud physics and for quantifying the effective radiative forcing by aerosol‐cloud interactions. Current standard satellite retrievals do…
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Cloud feedback mechanisms and their representation in global climate models Open
Cloud feedback—the change in top‐of‐atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud response to warming—constitutes by far the largest source of uncertainty in the climate response to CO 2 forcing simulated by global climate models ( GC…
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A solution to the misrepresentations of CO2-equivalent emissions of short-lived climate pollutants under ambitious mitigation Open
While cumulative carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions dominate anthropogenic warming over centuries, temperatures over the coming decades are also strongly affected by short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), complicating the estimation of cumu…
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Effective radiative forcing and adjustments in CMIP6 models Open
The effective radiative forcing, which includes the instantaneous forcing plus adjustments from the atmosphere and surface, has emerged as the key metric of evaluating human and natural influence on the climate. We evaluate effective radia…
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AerChemMIP: quantifying the effects of chemistry and aerosols in CMIP6 Open
The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP) is endorsed by the Coupled-Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) and is designed to quantify the climate and air quality impacts of aerosols and chemically reactive gases. …
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Emerging role of wetland methane emissions in driving 21st century climate change Open
Significance Conventional greenhouse gas mitigation policies ignore the role of global wetlands in emitting methane (CH 4 ) from feedbacks associated with changing climate. Here we investigate wetland feedbacks and whether, and to what deg…