Earth's magnetic field ≈ Earth's magnetic field
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International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the thirteenth generation Open
In December 2019, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) Division V Working Group (V-MOD) adopted the thirteenth generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). This IGRF updates the previous …
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NRLMSIS 2.0: A Whole‐Atmosphere Empirical Model of Temperature and Neutral Species Densities Open
NRLMSIS® 2.0 is an empirical atmospheric model that extends from the ground to the exobase and describes the average observed behavior of temperature, eight species densities, and mass density via a parametric analytic formulation. The mod…
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The Geomagnetic <i>Kp</i> Index and Derived Indices of Geomagnetic Activity Open
The geomagnetic Kp index is one of the most extensively used indices of geomagnetic activity, both for scientific and operational purposes. This article reviews the properties of the Kp index and provides a reference for users of the Kp in…
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The Juno Magnetic Field Investigation Open
The Juno Magnetic Field investigation (MAG) characterizes Jupiter's planetary magnetic field and magnetosphere, providing the first globally distributed and proximate measurements of the magnetic field of Jupiter. The magnetic field instru…
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The CHAOS-7 geomagnetic field model and observed changes in the South Atlantic Anomaly Open
We present the CHAOS-7 model of the time-dependent near-Earth geomagnetic field between 1999 and 2020 based on magnetic field observations collected by the low-Earth orbit satellites Swarm, CryoSat-2, CHAMP, SAC-C and Ørsted, and on annual…
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Earth's Van Allen Radiation Belts: From Discovery to the Van Allen Probes Era Open
Discovery of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts by instruments flown on Explorer 1 in 1958 was the first major discovery of the Space Age. The observation of distinct inner and outer zones of trapped megaelectron volt (MeV) particles, p…
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Persistent high paleosecular variation activity in southern hemisphere for at least 10 000 years Open
Direct observations of the geomagnetic field show that secular variation is strong in the Atlantic hemisphere, and comparatively reduced in the Pacific region. The dipole has been decaying since at least 1840 AD, driven by growth and migra…
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Turbulent geodynamo simulations: a leap towards Earth’s core Open
48 pages, 28 figures, accepted for publication in GJI
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Middle‐ and low‐latitude ionosphere response to 2015 St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm Open
This paper presents a study of the St Patrick's Day storm of 2015, with its ionospheric response at middle and low latitudes. The effects of the storm in each longitudinal sector (Asian, African, American, and Pacific) are characterized us…
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Variability and predictability of the space environment as related to lower atmosphere forcing Open
The Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere (TI) are characterized by perpetual variability as integral parts of the atmosphere system, with intermittent disturbances from solar and geomagnetic forcing. This review examines how the TI variabil…
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The quantum needle of the avian magnetic compass Open
Significance Billions of birds fly thousands of kilometers every year between their breeding and wintering grounds, helped by an extraordinary ability to detect the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. The biophysical sensory mechanism…
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Overview of the 2015 St. Patrick’s day storm and its consequences for RTK and PPP positioning in Norway Open
The 2015 St. Patrick’s day storm was the first storm of solar cycle 24 to reach a level of “Severe” on the NOAA geomagnetic storm scale. The Norwegian Mapping Authority is operating a national real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning network …
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Geomagnetic storms: historical perspective to modern view Open
The history of geomagnetism is more than 400 years old. Geomagnetic storms as we know them were discovered about 210 years ago. There has been keen interest in understanding Sun–Earth connection events, such as solar flares, CMEs, and conc…
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A Review of the Space Environment Effects on Spacecraft in Different Orbits Open
The space environment consists of various complex phenomena, which could have a strong influence on the spacecraft operation in different aspects. Since the very beginning of space exploration, numerous studies have been done on the space …
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Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism Open
Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain elusive. Remarkably, the magnetic energies implicated in thes…
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Extreme solar events Open
We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the 1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the largest observed/inferred/theoretical cases of sunspot g…
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Origin of microbial biomineralization and magnetotaxis during the Archean Open
Significance A wide range of organisms sense Earth’s magnetic field for navigation. For some organisms, like magnetotactic bacteria, magnetic particles form inside cells and act like a compass. However, the origin of magnetotactic behavior…
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Martian low‐altitude magnetic topology deduced from MAVEN/SWEA observations Open
The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission has obtained comprehensive particle and magnetic field measurements. The Solar Wind Electron Analyzer provides electron energy‐pitch angle distributions along the spacecraft trajectory tha…
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Synthetic Empirical Chorus Wave Model From Combined Van Allen Probes and Cluster Statistics Open
Chorus waves are among the most important natural electromagnetic emissions in the magnetosphere as regards to their potential effects on electron dynamics. They can efficiently accelerate or precipitate electrons trapped in the outer radi…
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Energy estimation of cosmic rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory Open
The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observ…
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Transduction of the Geomagnetic Field as Evidenced from alpha-Band Activity in the Human Brain Open
Magnetoreception, the perception of the geomagnetic field, is a sensory modality well-established across all major groups of vertebrates and some invertebrates, but its presence in humans has been tested rarely, yielding inconclusive resul…
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Photochemical escape of oxygen from Mars: First results from MAVEN in situ data Open
Photochemical escape of atomic oxygen is thought to be one of the dominant channels for Martian atmospheric loss today and played a potentially major role in climate evolution. Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) is the …
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New chorus wave properties near the equator from Van Allen Probes wave observations Open
The chorus wave properties are evaluated using Van Allen Probes data in the Earth's equatorial magnetosphere. Two distinct modes of lower band chorus are identified: a quasi‐parallel mode and a quasi‐electrostatic mode, whose wave normal d…
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Biological effects of the hypomagnetic field: An analytical review of experiments and theories Open
During interplanetary flights in the near future, a human organism will be exposed to prolonged periods of a hypomagnetic field that is 10,000 times weaker than that of Earth's. Attenuation of the geomagnetic field occurs in buildings with…
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Magnetoreception in birds Open
Birds can use two kinds of information from the geomagnetic field for navigation: the direction of the field lines as a compass and probably magnetic intensity as a component of the navigational ‘map’. The direction of the magnetic field a…
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The South Atlantic Anomaly: The Key for a Possible Geomagnetic Reversal Open
The South Atlantic Anomaly is nowadays one of the most important features of the Earth's magnetic field. Its extent area at the Earth's surface is continuously growing since the intensity instrumental measurements are available covering pa…
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Impacts of the January 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption on the Ionospheric Dynamo: ICON‐MIGHTI and Swarm Observations of Extreme Neutral Winds and Currents Open
The eruption of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai volcano on 15 January 2022 triggered atmospheric waves at all altitudes. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) and European Space Agency Swarm…
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Measurements of the atmospheric neutrino flux by Super-Kamiokande: Energy spectra, geomagnetic effects, and solar modulation Open
A comprehensive study on the atmospheric neutrino flux in the energy region\nfrom sub-GeV up to several TeV using the Super-Kamiokande water Cherenkov\ndetector is presented in this paper. The energy and azimuthal spectra of the\natmospher…
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Synchronization of Human Autonomic Nervous System Rhythms with Geomagnetic Activity in Human Subjects Open
A coupling between geomagnetic activity and the human nervous system’s function was identified by virtue of continuous monitoring of heart rate variability (HRV) and the time-varying geomagnetic field over a 31-day period in a group of 10 …
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GPS and GLONASS observations of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances during the 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm Open
Using a comprehensive database of ~5300 ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) stations we have investigated large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) during 17–18 March 2015 (St. Patrick's Day storm). For th…