String (physics)
View article: STRING v11: protein–protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets
STRING v11: protein–protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets Open
Proteins and their functional interactions form the backbone of the cellular machinery. Their connectivity network needs to be considered for the full understanding of biological phenomena, but the available information on protein-protein …
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The STRING database in 2021: customizable protein–protein networks, and functional characterization of user-uploaded gene/measurement sets Open
Cellular life depends on a complex web of functional associations between biomolecules. Among these associations, protein–protein interactions are particularly important due to their versatility, specificity and adaptability. The STRING da…
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The STRING database in 2017: quality-controlled protein–protein association networks, made broadly accessible Open
A system-wide understanding of cellular function requires knowledge of all functional interactions between the expressed proteins. The STRING database aims to collect and integrate this information, by consolidating known and predicted pro…
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The STRING database in 2023: protein–protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest Open
Much of the complexity within cells arises from functional and regulatory interactions among proteins. The core of these interactions is increasingly known, but novel interactions continue to be discovered, and the information remains scat…
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Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processing Open
This article surveys and organizes research works in a new paradigm in natural language processing, which we dub “prompt-based learning.” Unlike traditional supervised learning, which trains a model to take in an input x and predict an out…
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Self-referencing embedded strings (SELFIES): A 100% robust molecular string representation Open
The discovery of novel materials and functional molecules can help to solve some of society's most urgent challenges, ranging from efficient energy harvesting and storage to uncovering novel pharmaceutical drug candidates. Traditionally ma…
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Improving the translation of search strategies using the Polyglot Search Translator: a randomized controlled trial Open
Background: Searching for studies to include in a systematic review (SR) is a time- and labor-intensive process with searches of multiple databases recommended. To reduce the time spent translating search strings across databases, a tool c…
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On the cosmological implications of the string Swampland Open
We study constraints imposed by two proposed string Swampland criteria on cosmology. These criteria involve an upper bound on the range traversed by scalar fields as well as a lower bound on |∇ΦV|/V when V > 0. We find that inflationary mo…
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Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processing Open
This paper surveys and organizes research works in a new paradigm in natural language processing, which we dub "prompt-based learning". Unlike traditional supervised learning, which trains a model to take in an input x and predict an outpu…
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MolGAN: An implicit generative model for small molecular graphs Open
Deep generative models for graph-structured data offer a new angle on the problem of chemical synthesis: by optimizing differentiable models that directly generate molecular graphs, it is possible to side-step expensive search procedures i…
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Plastic recycling in a circular economy; determining environmental performance through an LCA matrix model approach Open
To ensure a circular economy for plastics, insights in the environmental impacts of recycling and optimal recycling choices for specific plastic polymers are crucial. This was obtained by determining the environmental performance of 10 sel…
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The NANOGrav 11 Year Data Set: Pulsar-timing constraints on the Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background Open
We search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the newly released 11 year data set from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). While we find no evidence for a GWB, we plac…
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String Stability and a Delay-Based Spacing Policy for Vehicle Platoons Subject to Disturbances Open
A novel delay-based spacing policy for the control of vehicle platoons is introduced together with a notion of disturbance string stability. The delay-based spacing policy specifies the desired intervehicular distance between vehicles and …
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A Survey on Similarity Measures in Text Mining Open
The Volume of text resources have been increasing in digital libraries and internet.Organizing these text documents has become a practical need.For organizing great number of objects into small or minimum number of coherent groups automati…
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Associative Mechanisms Allow for Social Learning and Cultural Transmission of String Pulling in an Insect Open
Social insects make elaborate use of simple mechanisms to achieve seemingly complex behavior and may thus provide a unique resource to discover the basic cognitive elements required for culture, i.e., group-specific behaviors that spread f…
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SMILES Enumeration as Data Augmentation for Neural Network Modeling of Molecules Open
Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) is a single line text representation of a unique molecule. One molecule can however have multiple SMILES strings, which is a reason that canonical SMILES have been defined, which ensure…
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The STRING database in 2025: protein networks with directionality of regulation Open
Proteins cooperate, regulate and bind each other to achieve their functions. Understanding the complex network of their interactions is essential for a systems-level description of cellular processes. The STRING database compiles, scores a…
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Cosmic String Interpretation of NANOGrav Pulsar Timing Data Open
Pulsar timing data used to provide upper limits on a possible stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB). However, the NANOGrav Collaboration has recently reported strong evidence for a stochastic common-spectrum process, which we int…
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Sonic Open
Ever since their introduction, zero-knowledge proofs have become an important tool for addressing privacy and scalability concerns in a variety of applications. In many systems each client downloads and verifies every new proof, and so pro…
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Tree-to-Sequence Attentional Neural Machine Translation Open
Most of the existing Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models focus on the conversion of sequential data and do not directly use syntactic information.We propose a novel end-to-end syntactic NMT model, extending a sequenceto-sequence model …
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Has NANOGrav Found First Evidence for Cosmic Strings? Open
The North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves has recently reported strong evidence for a stochastic common-spectrum process affecting the pulsar timing residuals in its 12.5-year data set. We demonstrate that this proce…
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TT¯$$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$ and LST Open
It was recently shown that the theory obtained by deforming a general two dimensional conformal theory by the irrelevant operator $T\\bar{T}$ is solvable. In the context of holography, a large class of such theories can be obtained by stud…
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SELFIES and the future of molecular string representations Open
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are expanding in popularity for broad applications to challenging tasks in chemistry and materials science. Examples include the prediction of properties, the discovery of new reaction…
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The String Landscape, the Swampland, and the Missing Corner Open
We give a brief overview of the string landscape and techniques used to construct string compactifications. We then explain how this motivates the notion of the swampland and review a number of conjectures that attempt to characterize theo…
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Early-Universe Simulations of the Cosmological Axion Open
Ultracompact dark matter (DM) minihalos at masses at and below 10^{-12} M_{⊙} arise in axion DM models where the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry is broken after inflation. The minihalos arise from density perturbations that are generated from t…
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Bidirectional Molecule Generation with Recurrent Neural Networks Open
ISSN:1549-9596
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Event-Triggered Control for String-Stable Vehicle Platooning Open
Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) is a promising technology that is proven to enable the formation of vehicle platoons with small inter-vehicle distances, while avoiding amplifications of disturbances along the vehicle string. As …
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The Landscape, the Swampland and the Era of Precision Cosmology Open
We review the advanced version of the KKLT construction and pure de Sitter supergravity, involving a nilpotent multiplet, with regard to various conjectures that de Sitter state cannot exist in string theory. We explain why we consider the…
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Stochastic gravitational wave background from smoothed cosmic string loops Open
We do a complete calculation of the stochastic gravitational wave background to be expected from cosmic strings. We start from a population of string loops taken from simulations, smooth these by Lorentzian convolution as a model of gravit…
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More axions from strings Open
We study the contribution to the QCD axion dark matter abundance that is produced by string defects during the so-called scaling regime. Clear evidence of scaling violations is found, the most conservative extrapolation of which strongly s…