Value (mathematics)
View article: Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Research: Introducing the E-Value
Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Research: Introducing the E-Value Open
Sensitivity analysis is useful in assessing how robust an association is to potential unmeasured or uncontrolled confounding. This article introduces a new measure called the "E-value," which is related to the evidence for causality in obs…
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Gaussian Error Linear Units (GELUs) Open
We propose the Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU), a high-performing neural network activation function. The GELU activation function is $xΦ(x)$, where $Φ(x)$ the standard Gaussian cumulative distribution function. The GELU nonlinearity wei…
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Towards a theory of ecosystems Open
Research Summary: The recent surge of interest in “ecosystems” in strategy research and practice has mainly focused on what ecosystems are and how they operate. We complement this literature by considering when and why ecosystems emerge, a…
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Addressing Function Approximation Error in Actor-Critic Methods Open
In value-based reinforcement learning methods such as deep Q-learning, function approximation errors are known to lead to overestimated value estimates and suboptimal policies. We show that this problem persists in an actor-critic setting …
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Technological Innovation, Resource Allocation, and Growth* Open
We propose a new measure of the economic importance of each innovation. Our measure uses newly collected data on patents issued to U.S. firms in the 1926 to 2010 period, combined with the stock market response to news about patents. Our pa…
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Employing a Qualitative Description Approach in Health Care Research Open
A qualitative description design is particularly relevant where information is required directly from those experiencing the phenomenon under investigation and where time and resources are limited. Nurses and midwives often have clinical q…
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Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0—Inception, conception and perception Open
Industry 4.0, an initiative from Germany, has become a globally adopted term in the past decade. Many countries have introduced similar strategic initiatives, and a considerable research effort has been spent on developing and implementing…
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Opportunities of Sustainable Manufacturing in Industry 4.0 Open
The current globalization is faced by the challenge to meet the continuously growing worldwide demand for capital and consumer goods by simultaneously ensuring a sustainable evolvement of human existence in its social, environmental and ec…
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Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective Open
We provide consensus on the benefits of nature experience for mental health, and a model for integrating them into urban design.
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Why protect nature? Rethinking values and the environment Open
A cornerstone of environmental policy is the debate over protecting nature for humans’ sake (instrumental values) or for nature’s (intrinsic values) (1). We propose that focusing only on instrumental or intrinsic values may fail to resonat…
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Online Teaching and Learning in Higher Education during the Coronavirus Pandemic: Students’ Perspective Open
The research focuses on identifying the way in which Romanian universities managed to provide knowledge during the Coronavirus pandemic, when, in a very short time, universities had to adapt the educational process for exclusively online t…
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Valuing health-related quality of life: An EQ-5D-5L value set for England Open
A new version of the EQ-5D, the EQ-5D-5L, is available. The aim of this study is to produce a value set to support use of EQ-5D-5L data in decision-making. The study design followed an international research protocol. Randomly selected mem…
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Real World Research Open
Real world research is a common responsibility of professionals and practitioners in a wide range of both public and private settings. These include teachers, social workers and health service professionals, managers and specialists in bus…
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Circular economy – From review of theories and practices to development of implementation tools Open
The paper provides an overview of the literature on Circular Economy (CE) theoretical approaches, strategies and implementation cases. After analyzing different CE approaches and the underlying principles the paper then proceeds with the m…
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Efficient kNN Classification With Different Numbers of Nearest Neighbors Open
nearest neighbor (kNN) method is a popular classification method in data mining and statistics because of its simple implementation and significant classification performance. However, it is impractical for traditional kNN methods to assig…
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Business Model Innovation for Sustainability: Towards a Unified Perspective for Creation of Sustainable Business Models Open
Business model innovation has seen a recent surge in academic research and business practice. Changes to business models are recognized as a fundamental approach to realize innovations for sustainability. However, little is known about the…
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Introduction to machine learning: k-nearest neighbors Open
Machine learning techniques have been widely used in many scientific fields, but its use in medical literature is limited partly because of technical difficulties. k-nearest neighbors (kNN) is a simple method of machine learning. The artic…
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Citations, Citation Indicators, and Research Quality: An Overview of Basic Concepts and Theories Open
Citations are increasingly used as performance indicators in research policy and within the research system. Usually, citations are assumed to reflect the impact of the research or its quality. What is the justification for these assumptio…
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Plasma technology – a novel solution for CO<sub>2</sub> conversion? Open
Plasma technology as a potential breakthrough technology for the economic conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals and fuels.
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Input Specificity and the Propagation of Idiosyncratic Shocks in Production Networks* Open
This article examines whether firm-level idiosyncratic shocks propagate in production networks. We identify idiosyncratic shocks with the occurrence of natural disasters. We find that affected suppliers impose substantial output losses on …
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Principles for a sustainable circular economy Open
The pressure that the human species exerts on the natural environment through the extraction of materials and generation of wastes is widely recognised. Circular economy has emerged as a potential solution to make better use of resources. …
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The Economics of Privacy Open
This article summarizes and draws connections among diverse streams of theoretical and empirical research on the economics of privacy. We focus on the economic value and consequences of protecting and disclosing personal information, and o…
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CO2 hydrogenation to high-value products via heterogeneous catalysis Open
Recently, carbon dioxide capture and conversion, along with hydrogen from renewable resources, provide an alternative approach to synthesis of useful fuels and chemicals. People are increasingly interested in developing innovative carbon d…
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The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families Open
While women were already doing most of the world’s unpaid care work prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, emerging research suggests that the crisis and its subsequent shutdown response have resulted in a dramatic increase in this b…
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A new metric of absolute percentage error for intermittent demand forecasts Open
The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is one of the most widely used measures of forecast accuracy, due to its advantages of scale-independency and interpretability. However, MAPE has the significant disadvantage that it produces infin…
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Digitalization and its influence on business model innovation Open
Purpose Increased digitalization has influenced various business activities including companies’ business models (BMs) by enabling various new forms of cooperation between companies and leading to new product and service offerings as well …
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Net benefit approaches to the evaluation of prediction models, molecular markers, and diagnostic tests Open
Many decisions in medicine involve trade-offs, such as between diagnosing patients with disease versus unnecessary additional testing for those who are healthy. Net benefit is an increasingly reported decision analytic measure that puts be…
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World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains Open
Global value chains (GVCs) powered the surge of international trade after 1990 and now account for almost half of all trade. This shift enabled an unprecedented economic convergence: poor countries grew rapidly and began to catch up with r…
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The Impact of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) Considerations on Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions: Strategies for Value Creation Open
The integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations in corporate mergers and acquisitions (M&A) has gained significant traction as companies recognize the strategic value of sustainability in dealmaking. This pape…
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Difference Equations and Inequalities: Theory, Methods, and Applications Open
Preliminaries linear initial value problems miscellaneous difference equations difference inequalities qualitative properties of solutions of difference systems qualitative properties of solutions of higher order difference equations quali…