Working memory ≈ Working memory
View article: Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later Open
Cognitive load theory was introduced in the 1980s as an instructional design theory based on several uncontroversial aspects of human cognitive architecture. Our knowledge of many of the characteristics of working memory, long-term memory …
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Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer” Open
It has been claimed that working memory training programs produce diverse beneficial effects. This article presents a meta-analysis of working memory training studies (with a pretest-posttest design and a control group) that have examined …
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The Segregation and Integration of Distinct Brain Networks and Their Relationship to Cognition Open
A critical feature of the human brain that gives rise to complex cognition is its ability to reconfigure its network structure dynamically and adaptively in response to the environment. Existing research probing task-related reconfiguratio…
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Mathematics Anxiety, Working Memory, and Mathematics Performance in Secondary-School Children Open
Mathematics anxiety (MA) has been defined as "a feeling of tension and anxiety that interferes with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of math problems in a wide variety of ordinary life and academic situations." Previous studies …
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Dopamine release from the locus coeruleus to the dorsal hippocampus promotes spatial learning and memory Open
Significance Successful completion of daily activities relies on the ability to select the relevant features of the environment to pay attention to and remember. Disruptions of these processes can lead to disorders, such as attention-defic…
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Listening Effort: How the Cognitive Consequences of Acoustic Challenge Are Reflected in Brain and Behavior Open
Everyday conversation frequently includes challenges to the clarity of the acoustic speech signal, including hearing impairment, background noise, and foreign accents. Although an obvious problem is the increased risk of making word identi…
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How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis Open
Intelligence test scores and educational duration are positively correlated. This correlation could be interpreted in two ways: Students with greater propensity for intelligence go on to complete more education, or a longer education incre…
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PV Interneurons: Critical Regulators of E/I Balance for Prefrontal Cortex-Dependent Behavior and Psychiatric Disorders Open
Elucidating the prefrontal cortical microcircuit has been challenging, given its role in multiple complex behaviors, including working memory, cognitive flexibility, attention, social interaction and emotional regulation. Additionally, pre…
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Reactivation of latent working memories with transcranial magnetic stimulation Open
A pulse of random activity is sufficient for a brain network to retrieve a dormant activity state.
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The unity and diversity of executive functions: A systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies. Open
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been frequently applied to executive function measurement since first used to identify a three-factor model of inhibition, updating, and shifting; however, subsequent CFAs have supported inconsistent …
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Working Memory and Attention – A Conceptual Analysis and Review Open
There is broad agreement that working memory is closely related to attention. This article delineates several theoretical options for conceptualizing this link, and evaluates their viability in light of their theoretical implications and t…
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A review of executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Open
Executive dysfunction has been shown to be a promising endophenotype in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This article reviewed 26 studies that examined…
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The Causes of Errors in Clinical Reasoning: Cognitive Biases, Knowledge Deficits, and Dual Process Thinking Open
Contemporary theories of clinical reasoning espouse a dual processing model, which consists of a rapid, intuitive component (Type 1) and a slower, logical and analytical component (Type 2). Although the general consensus is that this dual …
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Working Memory From the Psychological and Neurosciences Perspectives: A Review Open
Since the concept of working memory was introduced over 50 years ago, different schools of thought have offered different definitions for working memory based on the various cognitive domains that it encompasses. The general consensus rega…
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Aerobic Exercise Improves Cognitive Functioning in People With Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Open
Cognitive deficits are pervasive among people with schizophrenia and treatment options are limited. There has been an increased interest in the neurocognitive benefits of exercise, but a comprehensive evaluation of studies to date is lacki…
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The Relationship Between Executive Functions and Academic Performance in Primary Education: Review and Meta-Analysis Open
The purpose of this study was to research the relationship between executive functions and academic performance in primary education (6-12 years). Based on 21 samples (n = 7,947), a meta-analysis of random effects demonstrated a moderately…
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Benchmarks for models of short-term and working memory. Open
Any mature field of research in psychology-such as short-term/working memory-is characterized by a wealth of empirical findings. It is currently unrealistic to expect a theory to explain them all; theorists must satisfice with explaining a…
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Stable population coding for working memory coexists with heterogeneous neural dynamics in prefrontal cortex Open
Significance Working memory (WM) is a core cognitive function thought to rely on persistent activity patterns in populations of neurons in prefrontal cortex (PFC), yet the neural circuit mechanisms remain unknown. Single-neuron activity in…
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The role of the hippocampus in navigation is memory Open
There is considerable research on the neurobiological mechanisms within the hippocampal system that support spatial navigation. In this article I review the literature on navigational strategies in humans and animals, observations on hippo…
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The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses Open
The evidence suggests that ADHD is associated with substantial deficits across a variety of neurocognitive domains. This is the most in-depth review of the neurocognitive functioning of people with ADHD to date.
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Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation Open
This review focuses on the cognitive neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies and on recent clinically relevant applications such as fMRI-based diagnostic…
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How Can Hearing Loss Cause Dementia? Open
Epidemiological studies identify midlife hearing loss as an independent risk factor for dementia, estimated to account for 9% of cases. We evaluate candidate brain bases for this relationship. These bases include a common pathology affecti…
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Laminar recordings in frontal cortex suggest distinct layers for maintenance and control of working memory Open
Significance The anatomy and dynamics of different layers of the cerebral cortex are distinct. Physiological work in the sensory cortex has investigated how different layers process sensory inputs, and how they are engaged during attention…
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What limits working memory capacity? Open
We review the evidence for the 3 principal theoretical contenders that vie to explain why and how working memory (WM) capacity is limited. We examine the possibility that capacity limitations arise from temporal decay; we examine whether t…
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Beta Oscillations in Working Memory, Executive Control of Movement and Thought, and Sensorimotor Function Open
Beta oscillations (∼13 to 30 Hz) have been observed during many perceptual, cognitive, and motor processes in a plethora of brain recording studies. Although the function of beta oscillations (hereafter “beta” for short) is unlikely to be …
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Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive functioning in brain disorders: a meta-analysis Open
Background Cognition is commonly affected in brain disorders. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) may have procognitive effects, with high tolerability. This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)…
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Persistent Spiking Activity Underlies Working Memory Open
Persistent activity generated in the PFC during the delay period of working memory tasks represents information about stimuli held in memory and determines working memory performance. Alternative models of working memory, depending on the …
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Working Memory: Delay Activity, Yes! Persistent Activity? Maybe Not Open
Persistent spiking has been thought to underlie working memory (WM). However, virtually all of the evidence for this comes from studies that averaged spiking across time and across trials, which masks the details. On single trials, activit…
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Neuronal timescales are functionally dynamic and shaped by cortical microarchitecture Open
Complex cognitive functions such as working memory and decision-making require information maintenance over seconds to years, from transient sensory stimuli to long-term contextual cues. While theoretical accounts predict the emergence of …
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Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex Open
The prefrontal cortex participates in a variety of higher cognitive functions. The concept of working memory is now widely used to understand prefrontal functions. Neurophysiological studies have revealed that stimulus-selective delay-peri…