FedTP-NILM: A Federated Time Pattern-Based Framework for Privacy-Preserving Distributed Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

Chi Zhang , Bao‐Tao Liu , Xuguang Hu , Zhihong Zhang , Zhiyong Ji , Chenghao Zhou ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13080718

Existing non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) methods predominantly rely on centralized models, which introduce privacy vulnerabilities and lack scalability in large industrial park scenarios equipped with distributed energy resources. To address this issue, a Federated Temporal Pattern-based NILM framework (FedTP-NILM) is proposed. It aims to ensure data privacy while enabling efficient load monitoring in distributed and heterogeneous environments, thereby extending the applicability of NILM technology in large-scale industrial park scenarios. First, a federated aggregation method is proposed, which integrates the FedYogi optimization algorithm with a secret sharing mechanism to enable the secure aggregation of local data. Second, a pyramid neural network architecture is presented to capture complex temporal dependencies in load identification tasks. It integrates temporal encoding, pooling, and decoding modules, along with an enhanced feature extractor, to better learn and distinguish multi-scale temporal patterns. In addition, a hybrid data augmentation strategy is proposed to expand the distribution range of samples by adding noise and linear mixing. Finally, experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed federated learning framework, demonstrating superior performance in both distributed energy device identification and privacy preservation.