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Checkpoint Charlie
Head & Neck • Vol 47 • No 3
Increased <scp>PD</scp>‐1/<scp>PD</scp>‐<scp>L1</scp> Immune Checkpoint Expression Is Associated With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Never‐Smokers and Never‐Drinkers
2024
ABSTRACT Background This study aimed to explore the disparities in PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression among oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) in individuals categorized as never‐smokers/never‐drinkers versus smokers/drinkers. Methods Immunohistochemical staining f…
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Checkpoint Charlie

Well-known crossing point in the Berlin Wall; now a museum

Checkpoint Charlie (or " Checkpoint C ") was the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War (1947–1991), as named by the Western Allies.

East German leader Walter Ulbricht agitated and maneuvered to get the Soviet Union's permission to construct the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop emigration and defection westward through the Border system, preventing escape across the city sector border from East Berlin into West Berlin. Checkpoint Charlie became a symbol of the Cold War, representing the separation of East and West. Soviet and American tanks briefly faced each other at the location during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. On 26 June 1963, U.S. President John F.

Exploring foci of:
Head & Neck • Vol 47 • No 3
Increased <scp>PD</scp>‐1/<scp>PD</scp>‐<scp>L1</scp> Immune Checkpoint Expression Is Associated With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Never‐Smokers and Never‐Drinkers
2024
ABSTRACT Background This study aimed to explore the disparities in PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression among oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) in individuals categorized as never‐smokers/never‐drinkers versus smokers/drinkers. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for PD‐1 and PD‐L1, along with PDCD1LG2/cen9 dual color probe analysis, was conducted on 130 OSCC specimens from both smoker/drinker and never‐smoker/never‐drinker cohorts. Associations between smoking/drinking status, clinicopathologic data, immunohistochemica…
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