Development of a Tractor Hydrostatic Transmission Efficiency Prediction Model Using Novel Hybrid Deep Kernel Learning and Residual Radial Basis Function Interpolator Model

Jin Kam Park , Oleksandr Yuhai , Jin-Woong Lee , Yubin Cho , Joung Hwan Mun ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15222325

This study proposes a data-efficient surrogate modeling approach for predicting hydrostatic transmission (HST) system efficiency in tractors using minimal data. Only 27 samples were selected from a dataset of 5092 measurements based on the minimum, mean, and maximum values of the input variables (input shaft speed, HST ratio, and load), which were used as the training data. A hybrid prediction model combining deep kernel learning and a residual radial basis function surrogate was developed with hyperparameters optimized via Bayesian optimization. For performance verification, the proposed model was compared with Neural Network (NN), Random Forest, XGBoost, Gaussian Process (GP), and Support Vector Regressor (SVR) models trained using 27 samples. As a result, the proposed model achieved the highest prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.93, MAPE = 5.94%, RMSE = 4.05). Process, SVM (Support Vector MA). These findings indicate that the proposed approach can be effectively used to predict the overall HST efficiency using minimal data, particularly in situations where experimental data collection is limited.