Effect of stacking sequence of the hybrid composite armor on ballistic performance and damage mechanism

Zhicheng Liu , Shiying Lu , Ruyi Ji , Yuxuan Zhu , Ruizhi Zhang , Jiuxiao Sun , Guoqiang Luo , Peng Cao , Yubin Ma , Ming Yang ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2025-0035

The fiber hybridization and stacking sequence of composite armors can significantly improve the ballistic performance and enhance the safety and survivability of military equipment. This article proposes a new structure (buffer/rigid/toughness/energy absorbing layers) of the carbon/aramid/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene hybrid composite armor (K 3 C 6 K 12 U 6 ) based on multi-scale simulations, and the residual velocity decreased by 20 m·s −1 and ballistic protection index increased by 16%. The buffer layer at the facing surface disperses the stress concentration and increases the transverse strain and energy absorption. The rigid layer absorbs the kinetic energy through shear deformation. The toughness layer increases the stress area and friction effect through the stretching of aramid fibers. The energy absorbing layer on the rear surface decelerates delamination failure and enhances energy absorption and penetration resistance of the composite armor. This article provides a theoretical basis for the structural design and performance optimization of the composite armor, which is of great significance for modern warfare and national defense construction.