Counterfeiting Attacks on an RDH-EI Scheme Based on Block-Permutation and Co-XOR Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3719294
Reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDH-EI) has gained widespread attention due to its potential applications in secure cloud storage. However, the security challenges of RDH-EI in cloud storage scenarios remain largely unexplored. In this article, we present a counterfeiting attack on RDH-EI schemes that utilize block-permutation and Co-XOR (BPCX) encryption. We demonstrate that ciphertext images generated by BPCX-based RDH-EI are easily tampered with to produce a counterfeit decrypted image with different contents imperceptible to the human eye. This vulnerability is mainly because the block permutation key information of BPCX is susceptible to known-plaintext attacks (KPAs). Taking ciphertext images in telemedicine scenarios as an example, we describe two potential counterfeiting attacks, namely fixed-area and optimal-area attacks. We show that the quality of forged decrypted images depends on the accuracy of the estimated block-permutation key under KPA conditions. To improve the invisibility of counterfeit decrypted images, we analyze the limitations of existing KPA methods against BPCX encryption for \(2\times 2\) block sizes and propose a novel diagonal inversion rule specifically designed for image blocks. This rule further enhances the accuracy of the estimated block-permutation key. The experiments show that, compared to existing KPA methods, the accuracy of the estimated block-permutation key in the UCID dataset increases by an average of 11.5%. In the counterfeiting attack experiments on Camera’s encrypted image, we successfully tampered with over 80% of the pixels in the target area under the fixed-region attack. Additionally, we achieved a tampering success rate exceeding 90% in the optimal-region attack.
Related Topics To Compare & Contrast
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3719294
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3719294
- OA Status
- bronze
- References
- 28
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4407924473