In machine learning, a common task is the study and construction of algorithms
that can learn from and make predictions on data. Such algorithms function by
making data-driven predictions or decisions, through building a mathematical
model from input data. These input data used to build the model are usually
divided into multiple data sets. In particular, three data sets are commonly
used in different stages of the creation of the model: training, validation,
and test sets.
The model is initially fit on a training data set , which is a set of
examples used to fit the parameters (e.g. weights of connections between
neurons in artificial neural networks) of the model. The model (e.g.